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Explore the track of the world-class army building times

■ Xu Wei

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In the picture of human history, war and military development are particularly eye-catching. When we turn our eyes to the historical long river of beacon fire, it is not difficult to find that in the magnificent world change, the strength of the army has always been accompanied by the prosperity of the country, and every era has ushered in a first-class army. Exploring and studying the track of the times in the development of these armed forces and finding out something with regularity will undoubtedly provide us with important enlightenment and reference for realizing the goal of building the army for a hundred years as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army.

Taking military needs as the traction and strengthening capabilities as an urgent task.

Military capability has always been the most critical link in the national security system. From the course of military construction and development in major countries in the world, it can be found that military construction always takes strengthening military capabilities as an urgent task, and military capabilities have been generally regarded as the ultimate standard to measure military strength and the primary task of war preparation. Especially in recent years, some military powers have continuously issued forward-looking military capability assessment and prediction reports, emphasizing the vigorous development of military deterrence and response capabilities. It can be said that strengthening military capability is in the critical period of Qian Fan’s competitive development, which is a rare opportunity period for developing countries. History and practice tell us that the construction of first-class military capabilities needs to firmly grasp the window of transformation from quantitative accumulation to qualitative leap, starting from the military’s historical mission and taking stopping and winning wars as the standard. At present, the major military powers focus on the need of strategic application, constantly expand into space, distant sea, deep ground, network, electromagnetism and other spaces, plan ahead, step up to fill the "vacancy" of new combat forces, and develop military technology and equipment with decisive influence in new areas and new qualities, with the intention of seizing the "new commanding heights" of future military competition and building a lasting military advantage, which also reflects that the structure of military capabilities will undergo a fundamental mutation and leap. For example, the US military accelerates the development of military capabilities in the direction of "integration, both offensive and defensive, multiplication of advantages, rapidity and accuracy", in an attempt to realize the deep integration of information, firepower, defense, security and control, and form a system capabilities with one operation, multi-domain joint and rapid support.

Take training and preparation for war as the starting point and military training as the central task.

Only when a scholar is skilled in technology can he be good at fighting; Just in case, an Guo often says. Training and preparing for war is the central task and normal presentation of the first-class army. Only by training and preparing in peacetime can we win in wartime. If a country does not make great efforts to improve its army’s winning ability and is ready to deal with possible military conflicts and potential war threats at any time, once war breaks out, it will fall into a passive position and its national security and development interests will be greatly damaged. The practice of army building in some countries in the world has proved that first-class training and preparation for war must always be based on the mission and task, insist on using the military struggle leader to control the combat preparation and continue to exert strength on the actual training and preparation, use the training and warfare as a whole to control the actual combat training to jump to high intensity, normalization and systematization, and use the standard of winning and controlling the combat effectiveness to establish and advance to the heights, depths and realities, so as to truly focus all work on preparing for war and invest all resources in preparing for war. In recent years, the development of the Russian army has benefited to a great extent from always insisting on shaping the situation through training, strengthening preparation through training, and promoting war through training. In particular, it attaches great importance to carrying out a series of targeted combat training to enhance the deterrent ability of clusters in various strategic directions, thus changing the image of the army earlier. It is noteworthy that major military powers are taking the promotion of military intelligent means as an important part of training and preparing for war, closely focusing on the liberation and development of combat effectiveness, and integrating key technologies such as artificial intelligence and autonomous technology of unmanned combat systems into preparing for war, guiding the implementation of operational theory, military personnel and weapons and equipment modernization tasks.In order to speed up the formation of a new pattern of modernization of the ability system for preparing for war, it shows the distinctive characteristics of the times in training and preparing for war.

Taking the integration and energy gathering as the direction and the system layout as the key point.

The joint operation of land, sea, air and space power grids and the operational trend of multi-domain integration system characterized by cross-domain interaction urgently need to plan and construct an integrated operational system layout with deep integration of "detection, strike, control, prevention and protection" from the "long" perspective to form a system victory. This has become the focus of major military powers to promote the construction of first-class troops. In recent years, the concepts of "air-sea integrated warfare", "joint global warfare" and "multi-domain warfare" put forward by the US military are actually systematic products of organically combining air-sea space-based forces, land-based strike forces and network power, which means that the US military is fully committed to optimizing the global layout of military forces through cutting-edge technological advantages in order to meet the arrival of new war forms. Nowadays, the era of winning by relying solely on the advantages of combat units is over. Instead, it is to build a combat force system that combines far and near, soft and hard, and ensure that key areas are controlled by the offensive and defensive advantages of the system. Therefore, the key to the systematic layout of joint operations is to gather the combat energy advantages of different quality areas and quickly integrate all combat modules into the system operations, so as to achieve a composite offensive and defensive situation layout with system synergy, overall linkage, accurate energy release and mutual cooperation. In recent local wars and armed conflicts, the role of information network in the system layout has been shown, which enables multi-combat forces to make decisions and control independently, adaptively, interactively and intelligently. In future operations, we should strengthen the intelligent advantage layout of "cloud" and "net" gathering, skillfully combine tangible forces with intangible "cloud" and "net" layout, and accelerate the formation of operational layout of combining reality with reality and gathering strength.It will become a new model and new trend of system potential distribution and energy accumulation.

Taking the advantage as the main purpose, the joint ownership is the priority option.

Modern warfare is first launched and highly dependent on comprehensively seizing and maintaining the comprehensive control right of the battlefield, which embodies the special significance of the struggle for control right to the war dominance. And planning the joint action of key control operations plays a crucial and decisive role in competing for the control of key dimensions. Among them, winning the information advantage is the key to joint ownership. The United States, Russia and other military powers generally believe that various combat forces in the era of information and intelligence must take the control advantage of multi-domain space as the basis for carrying out multiple tasks. The Russian army emphasizes improving the timeliness and anti-interference of joint combat force delivery, and defeating opponents with cross-domain coordination and gathering Excellence. This shows that, in the struggle for control, we must first keep the initiative strategically, that is, strategically establish the direction, goal and path for obtaining the joint control right, stipulate the means and methods for creating and applying the overall advantage, and form an advantageous position in intelligent technology and weapon system, information acquisition and utilization and control ability. At present, some military powers take "big data intelligent technology and super network technology" as the "key catalyst" to seize control, aiming to form a decisive military advantage, which is a major strategic turn of military powers since military informationization. In the future competition for power control, only by building an intelligent efficiency link and control relationship with parallel flow and high aggregation of material information can the joint power control efficiency emerge through linkage and energy accumulation.

Focusing on battlefield confrontation, improving efficiency is the key factor.

Military activities and combat forces are inseparable from the physical and virtual battlefields of multi-dimensional space confrontation, and the rapid integration of multiple fields forms an integrated battlefield system, which makes the pursuit of maximizing the benefits of confrontation become the key to battlefield confrontation, and it is also a subject that needs to be highly valued in building a first-class army. In recent years, major military powers have accelerated the construction of comprehensive information systems covering the full-dimensional space of the battlefield and pursued the overall benefits of battlefield confrontation. At present, the US military has nearly 10,000 intelligent unmanned information network systems in the air and on the ground, and they are still being continuously upgraded. Focusing on solving the bottlenecks such as the difficulty in dealing with information-based battlefield accusations and the paralysis of the combat system, the future focus of battlefield system construction will be to establish a more perfect and flexible control system and operation mechanism based on the intelligent system of rapid independent decision-making, efficient information processing, precise coordinated operations and automatic control of weapons and equipment, and pay attention to doubling the effectiveness of battlefield cognition, command and control, precision strike and information attack and defense confrontation. In addition, around the control of the battlefield space, the future battlefield confrontation will present a "flash" of strength, highlighting the joint attack of multiple forces, rapidly accumulating strength, and suddenly exerting strength, forming a trend of hard and soft integration; The "quick integration" of means effectively integrates and uses various means to gather the combat energy of different quality areas, forming a multi-dimensional coordinated and prudent trend of attacking and helping the defense; The "quick fight" in action, real-time scene and efficient decision-making, seize the favorable opportunity, and form the local advantage of the battlefield with rapid and high-intensity suppression in the whole region. This is the focus of the research and application of battlefield confrontation by major military powers at present, and it will certainly become a new scene and new content for both sides to pay attention to combat.

Take foresight as the first step and scientific and technological innovation as the strategic support.

With the rapid development of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution, the leading role of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and other technical fields is prominent. Major military powers pay more attention to the continuous promotion of innovation in an important position, and systematically plan and build ahead in innovative concepts, models, standards, systems and applications, providing important strategic support for building a first-class army. After World War II, some countries became military powers, and one of the most important fulcrums was the extensive use of the latest science and technology, which produced new areas and new quality combat forces and promoted the leap-forward development of military combat effectiveness. At present, major military powers insist on using cutting-edge technologies to make innovative breakthroughs, and step up research and development of operational platforms with faster speed, higher information intelligence content and greater damage efficiency in an attempt to maintain an absolute leading position. It should be noted that the century-old changes in the world have accelerated the evolution, and the new military revolution is in the ascendant, which makes it more important to judge the direction of scientific and technological innovation. As an accelerator to promote the construction and development of the first-class army, scientific and technological innovation has become more obvious, especially in the key areas and key means, and key breakthroughs have been made to promote system capabilities’s multi-dimensional attack and defense and accelerate the overall transformation in the military field. This requires accurate prediction of the new forms and features of future wars, continuous application of advanced technological achievements, efforts to promote the fundamental transformation of the generation mode of combat effectiveness, and accelerate the formation of powerful asymmetric winning and strategic checks and balances. This is the first move and strong support for first-class army building.

Cctv newsAccording to the website of the Ministry of Finance, recently, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Emergency Department and the National Forestry and Grassland Administration jointly issued the Interim Measures for the Management of Central Eco-environmental Transfer Payment Fund Project Reserve System (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures") to further standardize and strengthen the management of central eco-environmental transfer payment funds and give full play to the functions of eco-environmental funds.

The "Measures" stipulate that the central eco-environmental transfer payment funds should be included in the management scope of the central eco-environmental fund project reserve (hereinafter referred to as the central project reserve) in principle. Included in the poverty-stricken counties to co-ordinate the use of financial agriculture-related funds or into the long-term mechanism of co-ordination and integration of agriculture-related funds, such as rural environmental improvement, forestry grassland ecological protection and restoration and forestry reform and development, the integrated part shall be implemented in accordance with relevant management regulations; The part that has not been integrated and is still used for ecological and environmental protection shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of these measures.

The central eco-environmental protection transfer payment budget funds with competitive distribution shall be separately issued by the Ministry of Finance in conjunction with relevant departments, and all localities shall declare projects according to the requirements of the declaration guidelines, and shall not be included in the central project reserve. After the Ministry of Finance and the relevant departments of the central government carry out competitive evaluation to determine the best projects, they will be included in the management of the central project repository.

The "Measures" pointed out that the central project repository implements dynamic rolling management. In principle, the term of validity of the projects entering the repository is 3 years. During the term of validity, you can apply for financial support from the central government for transfer payment. The projects in the repository that have not been implemented for 3 years will be automatically delivered out of the repository, and the applications for re-entry of the delivered projects will be handled according to the new project warehousing requirements and procedures.

The "Measures" require that projects that have entered the central project repository, involving information such as the direction of project expenditure and the amount of funds applied for by the central government, may not be changed in principle. If it is really necessary to change, it shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the warehousing guidelines and fund management measures. If it is audited by the central department, it shall be completed within 20 working days after receiving the local application in principle to ensure the timely implementation of the budget.

Seven Sun Suyan takes a selfie.

1905 movie network news Recently, Seven, who is filming the film t.a, took a group of selfies without makeup on social networking sites, with the caption "My summer, goodbye. Hello, Xiao Qiao. Mid shot? Close shot? Close-up? Which one to choose? " Seven bid farewell to Yuan Xia, the role played in Under the Golden Clothes, with three different photos, and announced that she would play the role of Xiao Qiao in the film t.a.

SevenPlay the role of "Little Joe" in the movie "t.a"

In the photo, Seven appeared without makeup, with shoulder-length short hair and fair skin, unlocking the new pose of self-portrait. Netizens watched and left messages to interact. "I finally waited for the long-lost selfie." "I like it from any angle, even if I don’t look good." "Only a person with a small face can dare to shoot it from such a wayward angle." "Under the Golden Clothes" has just been finished, and I am making a movie, and my young lady is too hard. "

At the National People’s Congress this year, the new infrastructure was officially written into the government work report, which aroused widespread concern. In the field of road freight, the national public supervision and service platform for road freight vehicles (referred to as freight platform) has more than 6.5 million vehicles, accounting for 96% of the total number of heavy-haul trucks in China. It is not only the communication network infrastructure and artificial intelligence infrastructure for vehicle data transmission, but also the data center and computing infrastructure in this field, and it is a key component of the new infrastructure.

As the construction and operation unit of freight platform, Zhongjiao Xinglu pays attention to the two pillar functions of "building intelligent supervision to serve government management and strengthening platform service function to promote industry development", promoting the open application of data and improving data quality in an all-round way.

Intelligent supervision helps government management

As the largest Beidou civil demonstration project in China, the freight platform played an important role in transportation capacity support and service guarantee during the epidemic.

Since the outbreak of the epidemic, Zhongjiaoxing Road has provided safety reminders and epidemic prevention notices for vehicles around Hubei Province, and pushed the information of emergency materials transfer and transportation stations into Hubei, and supported the anti-epidemic work at the first time. During the epidemic period, as a logistics technology and service platform, Zhongjiao Xinglu provided multi-dimensional big data such as the daily active number of heavy-duty trucks and the number of vehicles entering and leaving the province every day for the anti-epidemic work of many government departments across the country. In addition, Zhongjiao Xinglu continues to assist government departments and industry associations in monitoring the big data information of the national logistics industry, such as the operating rate, freight delivery rate, highway flow, road blockage in various places, and the progress of returning to work, so as to provide a basis for government decision-making, and at the same time assist local transportation and traffic control departments to carry out epidemic prevention and control work, and assist relevant departments to conduct dynamic supervision and investigation of key operating vehicles by counting the running data of local vehicles and entering and leaving local vehicles, and notify drivers to do a good job of self-protection.

The outbreak of the epidemic has made more people understand the important role of freight platform in promoting the modernization of industry governance system and governance capacity. However, this is only part of the functions carried by the freight platform, which has already penetrated into many links of the transportation industry and served the daily work of the transportation people.

The freight platform assists relevant departments to realize intelligent traffic safety management. In July 2019, Zhongjiao Xinglu developed the first intelligent anti-fatigue driving intervention system in China for Hangzhou high-speed traffic police, which realized real-time analysis of multi-dimensional driving behaviors such as truck driving time, speed and path. When the truck is about to arrive at the "anti-fatigue parking area" set by Hangzhou traffic police, it will automatically issue a voice reminder to guide drivers to rest in the area, effectively solving the "stubborn disease" of highway truck fatigue driving at night.

In addition, Zhongjiaoxing Road has customized and developed functional modules such as truck running situation and real-time distribution of vehicle speeding and fatigue driving for the special action of highway order rectification in Hebei Province. From July to September 2019, the proportion of truck fatalities in Hebei Province decreased by 18 percentage points year-on-year, and truck accidents decreased by 51.5%.

Since the second half of 2019, Zhongjiao Xinglu has received letters of thanks from the competent authorities in Hubei, Beijing, Hebei and other places. The Dispatching and Operation Center of the Leading Group for the Celebration of the 70th anniversary of the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC) affirmed the informatization guarantee of Zhongjiaoxing Road in the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the National Day in the thank-you letter. It is reported that only 13 days after receiving the task and putting the system online, Zhongjiaoxing Road has completed the development and construction of the "Vehicle Dispatching System for Major Events", ensuring the orderly dispatch of all vehicles during the drills and official activities.

Data development to ensure freight safety

After years of continuous construction and operation, the freight platform has become an important service platform for China’s road freight industry, which has played an important role in ensuring the safety of the road freight industry, promoting the industry to reduce costs and increase efficiency, providing convenient services and maintaining the healthy and stable development of the industry.

In order to ensure the safety of freight transportation, Zhongjiao Xinglu fully uses vehicle terminal and background data analysis technology to monitor vehicle dynamics in real time. Aiming at the common problems of speeding and fatigue driving of heavy-duty trucks, the freight platform has introduced automatic supervision services of automatic reminder, automatic forwarding and automatic alarm. Since it was launched in 2013, the freight platform has provided driving risk warning services for more than 7 billion times, with a correction rate of 96% for speeding and 36% for fatigue driving. The accident rate of vehicles with precise safety services has dropped by more than 10%, effectively improving the overall safety level of heavy-duty trucks.

In order to strengthen emergency management and maintain the stability of the industry, the freight platform relies on its advantages of real-time communication and interaction with the vast number of freight vehicles, and timely transmits early warning information such as vehicle ban and restriction measures, bypass routes, control policies, real-time road conditions and weather conditions in response to emergencies, so as to realize timely and reasonable scheduling and orderly diversion of transportation capacity and maintain the stability of the freight industry. In June 2019, an earthquake occurred in Changning County, Yibin City, Sichuan Province. After the earthquake, the freight platform issued early warning information to 110,000 vehicles in the earthquake danger area in time, which realized the reasonable diversion of local transport capacity and ensured the personal safety of drivers from the source.

After years of hard work, the freight platform has gradually deposited a large amount of data. By mining and analyzing big data, Zhongjiao Xinglu provides various data technology services such as organizing transportation and process monitoring for the development of freight enterprises, fleets and new online freight formats, which has promoted the industry to reduce costs and increase efficiency. It is reported that Rongcheng Zhiyun, a freight enterprise focusing on bulk commodity logistics and car-free transportation, has shortened the average waiting time of transport vehicles from the past two to three days to six to eight hours by using the network freight platform solution of Zhongjiaoxing Road, and the vehicle utilization rate has also increased by nearly 70%.

On the basis of data, Zhongjiao Xinglu has carried out cross-border cooperation in fuel, insurance and finance to serve multiple subjects. In 2018, Zhongjiaoxing Road and China Yinbaoxin launched the first risk control service for heavy-duty truck insurance in China. After using this service for half a year, the business structure of a provincial branch of an insurance company was significantly optimized. In the field of assisting insurance companies to settle claims, anti-fraud and anti-fraud, by the end of 2019, the truck insurance business of Zhongjiao Xinglu had cooperated with more than 20 insurance companies and more than 80 provincial-level companies, among which three key insurance companies had lost more than 50 million yuan after more than one year of cooperation.

Public service, convenience service, drivers, public.

Zhongjiao Xinglu also gives full play to the advantages of data technology of freight platform, providing data support for business handling, scientific decision-making and research and analysis of transportation authorities, and providing important reference for monitoring the situation of highway freight industry and grasping the trend of macroeconomic operation. Following the release of big data reports in the field of road transport with relevant institutions in 2017 and 2018, on April 2, 2019, China Communications Xing Road and Chang ‘an University released the 2019 China Road Freight Big Data Report, which focused on sorting out and summarizing the transportation scale, capacity structure, transportation efficiency, operation safety, environmental impact, freight and economic operation in China’s road freight operation in 2019, and received wide attention.

In addition, with the help of the freight platform, which directly connects the majority of truck drivers, Zhongjiaoxing Road has launched many convenience measures through the Chewang Big Card App and other channels, and jointly created the "Driver’s Home on the Cloud" with the construction unit of the "Driver’s Home" to help drivers check the location of the "Driver’s Home" online and understand the service items.

During the epidemic period, a number of new convenience service functions were specially added to the freight platform, and the online annual review function of vehicles was opened. In view of the inconvenience of offline annual review during the epidemic period, drivers can pass the online review as soon as they submit their applications; The freight platform also has a 14-day trajectory query function for vehicles, which is convenient for truck drivers to cooperate with the inspection work of the competent authorities or transportation enterprises, logistics parks and other staff during the epidemic prevention and control period; The experience route function to transfer stations and 16 cities in Hubei Province was introduced to provide drivers with real route navigation for similar vehicles and improve the transportation efficiency of epidemic prevention materials. In addition, Zhongjiao Xinglu gives free "Card Friends Resumption Insurance" with a maximum insured amount of 300,000 yuan to logistics practitioners, and all drivers, car owners or their parents, spouses, children and other people can receive it.

Relying on the big data of the freight platform, Zhongjiao Xinglu also acts as a platform for public communication and transmission of industry voices. According to reports, on April 12, Zhongjiaoxing Road reviewed the recovery of road freight in Hubei Province on April 8 th when Wuhan was unsealed, and showed you the whole process of understanding Wuhan’s "awakening" on the day of unsealing with the dynamic changes of road freight; On May 8th, Zhongjiao Xingxing Road provided the video content of "Wuhan Return: Extraordinary 30 Days" for the news column "Satellite News Laboratory" of Xinhua News Agency. Through the visualization of road freight data, the netizens got a new understanding of Wu Hanyou, which had recovered for one month.

Facing the future and promoting industry upgrading

On April 29th this year, the Ministry of Transport issued the Opinions on Giving Full Play to the Role of the National Public Supervision and Service Platform for Road Freight Vehicles to Support the High-quality Development of the Industry (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions), which put forward the requirements of comprehensively improving the data quality of freight platforms and further promoting the open application of data, aiming at further exerting the role of freight platforms in promoting the transformation, upgrading and high-quality development of the road freight industry, comprehensively improving the digital service and safety supervision capabilities of the industry, and promoting the modernization of the industry governance system and governance capabilities.

Zhongjiao Xinglu actively responded to the Opinions, actively opened the data, implemented the "six free" requirements in the Opinions, and provided free inquiry services for vehicle owners and other groups, which not only solved the problem of the lack of vehicle monitoring subjects for individual freight vehicles and small freight enterprises, but also helped large and medium-sized freight enterprises to improve their dynamic monitoring level.

In order to improve the technical level of the freight platform, Zhongjiao Xinglu actively cooperated with the work of China Transportation and Communication Information Center in terms of technical specification revision, platform function expansion, vehicle terminal upgrade and network security guidance, and completed the upgrade and transformation of the freight platform by taking various measures. Xia Shudong, Chairman of China Communications Xinglu, said: "The company will fully implement the relevant requirements of the Opinions and play its role in promoting the transformation, upgrading and high-quality development of the industry."

In the future, Zhongjiao Xinglu will continue to improve the platform functions, add functions such as intelligent identity identification and Beidou application verification for drivers, add functions such as enterprise vehicle safety management for transportation authorities, and add functions such as application evaluation for service providers. At the same time, accelerate the upgrading of vehicle-mounted terminals, and initially complete the prototype development of intelligent vehicle-mounted terminals supporting 4G/5G, single Beidou (No.3) and intelligent driver identification.

In addition, Zhongjiao Xinglu will also consolidate the network security technology, improve the network security protection system of the three-level security system such as freight platform security, and establish and improve mechanisms such as related level protection assessment, risk assessment and password security assessment. Taking the new intelligent driver identification function as an example, Beidou vehicle terminal can accurately identify the driver’s fatigue driving and other situations through double authentication of ID card identification and face recognition, thus escorting the road freight traffic safety and promoting the development of the industry.

While doing a good job in improving the technology of freight platform, Zhongjiaoxing Road will also comprehensively improve the data quality of the platform. According to reports, in the coming period, Zhongjiaoxing Road will speed up the clearing of stock data, focusing on solving problems such as long-term off-line, off-line, and long-distance drift, and strengthen the assessment of the network access rate, online rate and trajectory integrity rate of freight vehicles to ensure the accuracy of the data.

　　torrential rain(English name torrential rain; rainstorm; Storm) refers to rain with high precipitation intensity, which is often formed in cumulonimbus clouds. According to the meteorological regulations in China, rain with an hourly rainfall of more than 16mm, or a continuous rainfall of more than 30mm for 12 hours and a 24-hour rainfall of 50 mm or more is called "rainstorm".

　　According to its precipitation intensity, it is divided into three grades, that is, the 24-hour precipitation is 50-99.9 mm, which is called "rainstorm", the 100-249.9 mm is called "heavy rainstorm" and the 250 mm is called "extraordinary rainstorm". However, due to the different characteristics of precipitation and topography, the standards of rainstorm and flood in different places are also different.

　　In business practice, rainstorm can be divided into local rainstorm, regional rainstorm, large-scale rainstorm and extra-large rainstorm according to the scope of occurrence and influence.

　　The local rainstorm lasts only a few hours or dozens of hours, and generally affects tens to thousands of square kilometers, causing less harm. However, when the rainfall intensity is extremely high, it can also cause serious casualties and property losses.

　　Regional rainstorm generally lasts for 3 ~ 7 days, and the influence range can reach 100 ~ 200,000 square kilometers or more. The disaster situation is average, but sometimes it may cause serious regional rainstorm and flood disaster due to the extremely strong rainfall intensity.

　　Extra-large-scale rainstorm lasts the longest, and it is generally a combination of continuous rainstorms in many areas. The rainfall can last intermittently for about 1 ~ 3 months, and the rain belt can be maintained for a long time. Torrential rain is a kind of disastrous weather, which often causes floods and serious soil erosion, leading to major economic losses such as engineering accidents, dike breaches and crop flooding. Especially for some low-lying and closed terrain areas, rainwater can not be quickly vented, resulting in farmland water accumulation and soil moisture over-saturation, which will cause more disasters.

　　How to observe weather signs and avoid heavy rain?

　　In summer, when observing the following weather signs, we should strengthen our vigilance against the occurrence of heavy rain.

　　1. It is sultry in the morning, and even it is difficult to breathe. It is generally a sign that the low-pressure weather system is approaching, and there is often heavy rainfall in the afternoon.

　　2. In the morning, I saw a pagoda-shaped ink cloud uplift in the distance, and generally there will be a strong thunderstorm in the afternoon.

　　3. The weather was clear and cloudless for many days, and it was particularly hot. Suddenly, I saw a small cloud group rising on the windward slope of the mountain, and there was usually a strong thunderstorm at midnight or early morning.

　　4. On a hot night, hearing a dull thunder not far away is generally a sign that a rainstorm is coming.

　　5. When you see a funnel-shaped cloud or a dragon’s tail cloud on the horizon, it indicates that the weather is extremely unstable, and thunderstorms and strong winds may come at any time.

　　How to defend against heavy rain or rainstorm?

　　If it rains heavily, you can defend yourself from the following aspects.

　　1. In low-lying residential areas, measures of "small enclosure" can be taken according to local conditions, such as building a fence, placing a water baffle at the gate, and configuring a small water pump.

　　2. Don’t throw garbage, sundries, etc. into the sewer, in case of blockage, resulting in water accumulation during rainstorm.

　　3. Electrical sockets, switches, etc. in the homes of residents at the bottom should be moved to a safe place more than 1 meter from the ground. Once the outdoor water overflows into the house, the power supply should be cut off in time to prevent electric shock from hurting people.

　　4. Pay attention to observation when walking in stagnant water. Prevent falling into manhole or pit or hole.

　　5. The river is an important drainage channel in the city, and it is not allowed to dump garbage and waste at will to prevent siltation.

How to avoid heavy rain, mountain torrents and mudslides?

　　The arrival of the typhoon, in addition to direct storms, often brings many secondary and derivative disasters. It is easy to induce geological disasters such as mountain torrents and mudslides in mountainous areas. This website has collected some popular science knowledge about mountain torrents and mudslides, please refer to it.

　　Who are vulnerable to the threat of mountain torrents?

　　According to the analysis of the data of mountain flood disasters over the years, there are often the following groups of people who are vulnerable to the threat of mountain flood disasters:

　　(1) Do not know the rainstorm warning information and flash flood outbreak information, or fail to predict the intensity of the rainstorm, and engage in activities on the high mountains or under steep slopes and on both sides of streams and rivers in flash flood-prone areas without authorization; Or in case of continuous heavy rain, people who rest in their houses at night and are unprepared are vulnerable to the threat of flash floods.

　　(2) During the period of flash floods and flood surges, people who are in a hurry to go out and cross the river, bridge or transition at will. Even wood and furniture floating in the creek are desperate, standing by the river where the flood is soaring to salvage, or taking temporary bamboo rafts, wooden rafts, wooden barrels and ships to rescue property and waterlogging floating objects, which is most likely to be dangerous.

　　(3) People who randomly build houses and live in the open space at both ends of Xihe Bridge, without considering the flash floods, often carry a lot of sand, stones and firewood trees, which are easily blocked when passing through the arch culvert of the bridge, leading to the flood surge, which is easy to cause the bridge or the bridge head to be washed away, thus causing harm to people and property.

　　(4) Residents who build houses without protection by cutting slopes or build their houses at the foot of steep slopes are vulnerable to the threat of mountain torrents. Homestead selection lacks awareness of flood control, and residents in the lower places on both sides of the stream, at the intersection of the two estuaries and at the bend of the river are vulnerable to the threat of flash floods.

　　(5) Residents who build houses on the hillside with deep residual slope accumulation or the cracked and easy-to-collapse and easy-to-slide hillside in the flash flood prone area may collapse and slide in case of erosion and erosion by torrential rain, and their lives and property will be threatened.

　　How to avoid mountain torrents and mudslides?

　　(1) When it is known that debris flow will occur in a certain area for a period of time, emergency evacuation and protection measures should be taken in this area, and personnel should be forcibly moved to a safe area.

　　(2) Don’t run upstream or downstream along the debris flow ditch, but run to the slopes on both sides of the ditch bank, and don’t stay at the concave slope.

　　(3) Establish temporary shelter. The shelter should be located to avoid concave banks of ditches, small and flat convex banks and steep slopes, and should be placed on low and gentle slopes or high terraces near the village.

　　How to get out of danger quickly when encountering mountain torrents in the early hours of the night?

　　According to the historical lessons of sudden flash floods and mudslides in the early hours of the night, there are the following tips.

　　All residents who live in mountain torrents-prone areas or gullies, canyons and streams must keep a high degree of vigilance whenever there is continuous heavy rain, especially at night. If there is any abnormality, they should immediately organize personnel to leave the scene quickly, choose a safe place nearby, and try to contact the outside world to do the next rescue work. Never take chances or save property and delay the opportunity to avoid disasters, causing undue casualties.

　　Experts from China Meteorological Bureau explain in detail what the public should do after the rainstorm warning is issued.

　　Author: Liu Yi

　　What should you do after the rainstorm warning is issued?

　　Experts from China Meteorological Bureau explain the matters needing attention in detail.

　　Interpreter: Zhang Jianzhong, Senior Engineer of National Meteorological Center of China Meteorological Bureau.

　　On July 31, the Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a blue rainstorm warning.

　　How is the rainstorm warning graded? What should the public pay attention to under different levels of early warning? On July 31st, the reporter interviewed experts such as Zhang Jianzhong, senior engineer of National Meteorological Center of China Meteorological Bureau.

　　Blue warning-when the rainstorm comes, it is best to stay indoors and stay away from the window; Don’t take shelter from the rain under big trees outdoors, don’t hold metal objects and pick up mobile phones to prevent lightning strikes.

　　Zhang Jianzhong introduced that the Central Meteorological Observatory issued a blue, yellow, orange and red warning for heavy rain. Its severity increases from low to high.

　　The standard of blue rainstorm warning by the Central Meteorological Observatory is: it is estimated that there will be more than 50 mm rainfall in most areas of two or more provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the next 24 hours, and there will be patches of rainfall in the south or scattered rainfall over 100 mm in the north.

　　What should the public pay attention to in the area covered by the blue rainstorm warning? Zhang Jianzhong warned that when the rainstorm comes, it is best to stay indoors and away from the windows. Stay in the house and always pay attention to gas leakage, turn off gas and circuits, and leave the house quickly if you see flames. If it thunders, don’t watch TV or surf the Internet, but unplug the power supply, telephone line and TV antenna and other metal wires that may introduce lightning strikes. In addition, don’t use solar water heaters to take a bath in thunderstorm weather.

　　When you are outdoors, you should enter the room as quickly as possible. If you have no time to hide, you should use what you can find to protect your head from injury. Due to the short circuit of wires in heavy rain, people may be electrocuted and die, so they should stay away from wires. Don’t take shelter from the rain under big trees, don’t hold metal objects and pick up mobile phones to prevent lightning strikes, stay away from rivers, lakes, rice fields and open areas, and stay away from billboards and simple buildings.

　　Yellow warning-try to avoid vehicles driving in stagnant water; Check the drainage system of cities, farmland and fish ponds and take necessary drainage measures.

　　The criteria for the yellow rainstorm warning of the Central Meteorological Observatory are: rainfall of more than 100 mm occurred in most areas of two or more provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the past 24 hours, and it is expected that rainfall of more than 50 mm will still occur in the above areas in the next 24 hours; Or it is predicted that in the next 24 hours, there will be more than 100 mm rainfall in most areas of two or more provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), and there will be patches in the south or scattered rainfall over 250 mm in the north.

　　Zhang Jianzhong said that after the yellow rainstorm warning is issued, the traffic management department should take traffic control measures in heavy rainfall sections according to the road conditions, and implement traffic guidance in stagnant water sections. When the accumulated water depth exceeds the exhaust pipe, road closure measures should be taken; After the culvert of the overpass has accumulated water, the relevant government departments should immediately block the overpass and set up warning signs; In low-lying sections with large areas of accumulated water, relevant departments should clear the drain in time.

　　It is best for the public not to ride bicycles or drive when it rains heavily, and try to avoid vehicles driving in stagnant water. After the rainstorm comes, immediately drive the car to a higher ground and park it. Never park it in a low-lying place. Cut off the dangerous outdoor power supply in low-lying areas, suspend outdoor work in open places, and transfer people in dangerous areas and residents in dangerous houses to safe places for shelter from the rain; Pay special attention to the rainstorm at night, and beware of the collapse of dilapidated and damaged houses. Check the drainage system of cities, farmland and fish ponds and take necessary drainage measures.

　　Orange warning and red warning-rainstorm may have caused or will soon lead to disasters such as rising water levels in rivers and lakes, ground traffic disruption and power transmission line disruption; You should immediately find a safe building to avoid and wait for the rain to stop.

　　The criteria for the orange rainstorm warning of the Central Meteorological Observatory are: in the past 48 hours, rainfall with a daily rainfall of more than 100 mm has continued in most areas of two or more provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), and there are patches of rainfall with a daily rainfall of more than 250 mm in the southern region or scattered rainfall with a daily rainfall of more than 250 mm in the northern region. It is expected that there will still be rainfall of more than 50 mm in the above areas in the next 24 hours; Or it is predicted that there will be more than 250 mm rainfall in most areas of two or more provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the next 24 hours.

　　The criteria for the red rainstorm warning of the Central Meteorological Observatory are: in the past 48 hours, most areas of two or more provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have continuously experienced rainfall with a daily rainfall of more than 100 mm, and the above areas have rainfall with a daily rainfall of more than 250 mm. It is expected that there will still be rainfall of more than 100 mm in the above areas in the next 24 hours.

　　Zhang Jianzhong pointed out that after the orange or red rainstorm warning issued by the Central Meteorological Observatory, the rainstorm may have caused or will soon lead to disasters such as rising water levels in rivers and lakes, ground traffic disruption and power transmission line disruption. All relevant departments should immediately enter the emergency post, closely monitor and take rescue measures; People near mountains, hills and rivers should be evacuated to safe areas immediately; Organizers of large-scale mass activities should immediately stop their activities and properly arrange or try to evacuate people safely; Hospitals, schools and other units should resolutely take measures to ensure the safety of their own personnel and stop going out; People should immediately look for safe buildings to avoid. Drivers should observe the surface runoff when their vehicles are turned off or unable to run normally. If the runoff is rapidly gathering, they should resolutely abandon their vehicles and wait for the rain to stop before moving their vehicles. All units and personnel in the early warning area should listen to and watch the emergency information and meteorological early warning information of relevant departments in time.

　　Meteorological departments at or below the provincial level issued four warning signals of blue, yellow, orange and red, with specific standards and defense guidelines.

　　Zhang Jianzhong introduced that the Central Meteorological Observatory issued a blue, yellow, orange and red warning for the rainstorm, but did not issue an early warning signal. The meteorological departments at the provincial level and below issued a blue, yellow, orange and red warning signal. These four-level warning signals have their own specific standards and defense guidelines.

　　The standard of blue rainstorm warning signal is that the rainfall will reach more than 50 mm within 12 hours, or it has reached more than 50 mm and the rainfall may continue.

　　Yellow rainstorm warning signal’s standard is that the rainfall will reach more than 50 mm within 6 hours, or it has reached more than 50 mm and the rainfall may continue.

　　The standard of rainstorm orange warning signal is that the rainfall will reach more than 50 mm within 3 hours, or it has reached more than 50 mm and the rainfall may continue.

　　The standard of rainstorm red warning signal is: within 3 hours, the rainfall will reach more than 100mm, or it has reached more than 100mm and the rainfall may continue.

　　Zhang Jianzhong said that the meteorological department has formulated different defense guidelines for early warning signals of blue, yellow, orange and red. Taking the common blue warning signal of rainstorm as an example, after the blue warning is issued, the government and relevant departments should make preparations for preventing rainstorm according to their duties; Schools and kindergartens take appropriate measures to ensure the safety of students and children; Drivers should pay attention to road water and traffic jams to ensure safety; Check the drainage system of cities, farmland and fish ponds, and make good preparations for drainage; The public should enter the safe building as soon as possible.

(Editor: Liu Jie)