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July scientific gossip list： O blood attracts mosquitoes most？

People’s Daily Online, Beijing, August 1st (Zhao Zhuqing) "O-type blood attracts mosquitoes especially", "Too much beer will lead to a beer belly" and "Eating out-of-season fruits and vegetables is harmful to health" … With the arrival of midsummer, all kinds of "legends" about summer began to be "hot" on the Internet. A few days ago, the Beijing Science and Technology Journalists Editors Association and the Beijing regional website jointly released the "July Science Rumors List" to expose the true face of these rumors one by one.

1. Is the "beer belly" really drunk by drinking beer?

Myth: Many people say that beer belly is definitely related to beer, because beer is "liquid bread", and drinking too much will cause beer belly.

Truth: Beer belly is a figurative term. The real cause is unreasonable eating habits, and beer with the same weight is far less calorie-rich than bread.

The real beer belly is a lot of fat accumulated on the belly, and the accumulation of fat comes from excessive energy. Even female comrades who don’t drink beer and accumulate more body fat will have a very fat abdomen.

Li Hong, a professor-level senior engineer in the Brewing Engineering Development Department of China Food Fermentation Industry Research Institute, said: "The excess energy comes from two aspects. The first is too much energy intake, and the second is too little energy consumption. After excess energy exists in the form of fat, it is easy to accumulate in the abdomen. So, does it have anything to do with beer? It should be said that there is no direct and inevitable relationship, but what is really relevant is the way and lifestyle of consuming food. "

A study by the German Federal Institute of Nutrition Medicine shows that "beer belly" is related to male genes, just like female obesity starts from the buttocks, and most of male fat is stored in the abdomen. The researchers found that beer drinkers are not more likely to have a beer belly or even obesity than those who don’t drink beer. Although beer is not a diet drink, it is not the cause of overweight. If factors such as exercise and education are excluded, people who often drink beer will not have thicker waistlines and heavier weights than those who don’t drink or rarely drink.

2. Type O blood attracts mosquitoes most?

Myth: When summer comes, mosquito bites make many people miserable. Many rumors say that type O blood is sweet and fragrant, so type O blood is especially attractive to mosquitoes.

Truth: Mosquitoes mainly rely on carbon dioxide, heat, volatile chemicals and other factors to detect and locate targets. It can distinguish some molecules produced by human cell activities. As long as you are breathing, sweating or emitting heat, your temperature, the water vapor and carbon dioxide you release, and the chemicals in your sweat, such as acetone, octenol and lactic acid, are tempting mosquitoes to follow the trail to find you.

So is there any relationship between blood type and mosquitoes? Scientists and media from all over the world have done a lot of experiments, and the current conclusion proves that there is no direct relationship.

As for the saying that "blood is sweeter than mosquitoes", according to the current research conclusions, there is no direct connection between these two points. If you want to find the correlation from the blood test report, you may wish to pay attention to the routine examination of the physical examination report. There is an item called "eosinophils" in the column of blood test, and those who are higher in this item are better for mosquitoes.

3. Is there really a "watermelon injection"?

Rumor: A friend in Daxing told me that now melon farmers are spraying pesticides on watermelons, growing fast and selling money, and grafting on pumpkin seedlings, and they never eat them themselves! "Injection watermelon" is injected with banned food additives-sodium cyclamate and carmine! It may damage the liver and kidneys and affect children’s intellectual development! The watermelon pulp that has been injected is red and the juice is "rich".

Truth: In response to rumors, Shenzhen Inspection and Quarantine Bureau conducted a surprise inspection on six watermelon enterprises and processing plants in its jurisdiction, and none of them detected saccharin sodium, artificial color and mercurochrome (mercury bromide red). Some experts even conducted injection experiments, and the results showed that the color of watermelon pulp after injection was uneven, and because the pinhole was easy to be infected with bacteria, watermelon was perishable, which was not conducive to sales.

As for injecting sodium cyclamate and carmine, the reason is similar. According to botanical principles, plants can only absorb water and nutrients in living conditions, and they need to be organized by means of plant transportation system. However, the vascular bundles of melon seedlings are very small, and it is hard to imagine that they want to inject liquid. Even if the injection is successful, it must be absorbed and transformed by the plant itself to make it sweet. However, these two substances cannot be absorbed normally by the melon seedlings.

Moreover, after the injection, the pinhole on the watermelon is obvious, the juice will overflow from the pinhole, and the color of the pulp at the injection site will also deepen. These phenomena are very obvious, and it is easy for merchants to be seen through if they really do this.

No matter during the growth or after the harvest of watermelon, it is impossible to absorb the liquid substance by injecting it into the watermelon fruit. Only through vascular tissue can plants absorb water and nutrients and inject them into fruits forcibly, and the injected substances will accumulate in tiny tissues and destroy the tissue characteristics of watermelon pulp, which can never be like that in Weibo: red watermelon pulp and rich juice. This is also proved by experiments. No matter the size of the pinhole, the outer ring of the pinhole will begin to blacken after two or three hours of storage of the injected watermelon, which is easy to find. How can anyone do such a thankless thing if it is put out and no one cares about it?

4. Is it necessary to sweat in summer?

Rumor: "Practicing for 39 days in winter and three days in summer" is the spoken language of many middle-aged and elderly people’s sports, especially in the dog days, and middle-aged and elderly people who are sweating can be seen everywhere on the avenue and in the park. They said that many health reminders said: "It is only comfortable to sweat thoroughly, and the fitness effect can be achieved."

Truth: Experts remind that fitness should not blindly pursue sports pleasure, especially in the summer when sweating and consumption are high, bodybuilders should pay more attention to the degree of exercise to avoid excessive consumption and damage to some functions of people.

Sweat properly in summer, but you don’t need to exercise until you sweat profusely. In fact, it is easy to cause dehydration. At the same time, people’s body temperature rises obviously after summer exercise, and with the influence of high temperature weather, they are prone to heatstroke. Therefore, most people should avoid extreme exercise and anaerobic exercise, and it is best to use aerobic uniform exercise, and the heart rate should be controlled in a small exercise area, that is, about 120 times/minute. Middle-aged and elderly people should be slower, because if they exercise excessively in midsummer, sweating will lead to thick blood. Coupled with the hot weather, it is likely that they will not be healthy, but will lead to heart disease and cerebral infarction.

Exercise in the sun for a long time in summer will aggravate the disorder of water and salt metabolism in the body. Therefore, you should drink some light salt water or sports drinks before, during and after exercise, about 50 ~ 100 ml every half hour.

In addition, summer exercise is more suitable to choose morning or evening, and the location is chosen in a place with shade. The duration of exercise should not be too long, and it should be 30 minutes to 1 hour, which can be adjusted according to personal physique and exercise intensity.

5. Will the baby die if he eats salt?

Rumor: Recently, it was reported that "a mother listened to her neighbor’s advice and added salt to her porridge, but she didn’t expect to ruin her eight-month-old child’s life."

Truth: Salt is essential for everyone. For infants, less salt is the general principle.

One of the reasons why we need less salt is because of physiological limitations. The salt in the human body is mainly metabolized by the kidney, more than 90% enters the urine, and the rest is excreted through sweat. Because the development of infants’ kidneys is not complete, excessive salt intake is likely to increase the burden on the kidneys, lead to abnormal metabolism, and cause edema. Of course, it’s impossible to be so exaggerated to die immediately.

The main reason for the lack of salt is long-term consideration. The occurrence of hypertension is closely related to high-salt diet, and in order to reduce the salt intake of adults, we must start from controlling the taste of infants. Infant’s taste system is still in the developing process, and it is very sensitive to condiments. Too much salt may not only affect their eating habits in the long run, but also cause refusal to eat.

That is to say, it’s not "babies can’t eat salt within one year old", but following the general principle of less salt, it’s not necessary to add extra salt to babies, but also to keep your eyes open, pay attention to the formula table of complementary food, and rationally allocate baby’s recipes.

6. margarine equals trans fatty acids?

Myth: Margarine is mainly extracted from edible oils and fats, so margarine contains more oils and fats, especially trans fatty acids. Eating a lot of trans fatty acids will affect people’s memory, and for teenagers, it will affect the development of the central nervous system. Long-term excessive accumulation of trans fatty acids can also induce serious diseases such as asthma, tumor and diabetes.

Truth: The statement that "trans fatty acids have health risks" has been widely circulated. Recently, China Food Rumor Alliance and China Baked Food and Sugar Products Industry Association publicly refuted this rumor. The Food Rumor Alliance stated that raw materials of baked goods such as margarine and hydrogenated vegetable oil are not equal to trans fatty acids, and the argument that trans fatty acids cause obesity and diabetes is still inconclusive.

According to Zhu Nianlin, chairman of China Baked Food and Sugar Products Industry Association, trans fatty acids have always been regarded as "time bombs on the table", and raw materials in baked goods-margarine, hydrogenated vegetable oil, non-dairy creamer, shortening and cocoa butter substitute are often labeled as trans fatty acids, which has caused adverse effects on the industry.

Professor Cao Yanping from the College of Food Science of Beijing Technology and Business University said that with the development of technology, the trans fatty acid content in oil has dropped to a very low level. If consumers need it, they can completely remove trans fatty acids, but it will affect the taste of food.

According to Kai Zhong, deputy director of Kexin Food and Nutrition Information Exchange Center, in addition to processed foods, trans fats are widely found in natural foods such as beef, mutton, fat and milk. According to the report of China Residents’ Dietary Intake Level of Trans Fatty Acids and Its Risk Assessment by the National Food Safety Risk Assessment Center in 2013, the average daily intake of trans fats in China is 0.39 grams, and the energy supply ratio is 0.16%, which is far lower than the recommended value of the World Health Organization (less than 1%).

However, in order to control the intake of trans fatty acids, the Food Rumor Alliance suggests that consumers should pay more attention to the nutrient list on the label when buying packaged foods, and they can choose foods that do not contain trans fatty acids or have low content, especially those for infants and young children. In addition, it is necessary to control the amount of vegetable oil used in cooking, not to consume a large amount of animal fat to avoid trans fatty acids, and to avoid excessive oil temperature and repeated frying.

7. Do soy products induce breast cancer?

Myth: The disorder of breast structure caused by the absolute or relative increase of estrogen level and the decrease of progesterone level can induce lobular hyperplasia of breast, while the phytochemicals contained in soybean and bean products, such as soybean isoflavones, are known as "phytoestrogens", so bean products will aggravate mammary hyperplasia and even induce breast cancer.

Truth: Soybean isoflavone in soybean is a phytoestrogen, and many people worry that it will induce breast cancer.

In fact, phytoestrogens are different from human estrogens. It is found that phytoestrogens play a two-way role in regulating estrogen levels in women.

Studies have shown that eating soy products will not only cause breast cancer, but also reduce its risk.

8. Eating out-of-season fruits and vegetables is harmful to health?

Myth: A post about "out-of-season fruit and vegetable hazards" is widely circulated on the Internet. This post states categorically that the planting process of out-of-season fruits and vegetables is not as safe as it seems. In order to achieve high and stable yield, farmers often overuse highly toxic pesticides and ripening hormones.

Truth: Many people will say that out-of-season fruits are poisonous and inedible because they use a lot of chemicals such as pesticides. In fact, even seasonal fruits will use pesticides in the planting process. It is normal to have pesticide residues, and "existence" does not mean "exceeding the standard" or "excessive", nor does it mean that eating out-of-season fruits will do harm to the body. Moreover, as long as the general fruit is planted in a standardized way, the pesticide residue does not exceed the standard, and normal consumption will not cause harm to human health.

There is also a saying that out-of-season fruits need to be "promoted" by plant hormones, which will make people precocious. In fact, whether it is out-of-season fruit or in-season fruit, a certain amount of plant growth regulators, that is, plant hormones, are used in the modern planting process. In addition, all fruits naturally contain a certain amount of phytohormones. However, the efficacy of plant hormones is generally very low, and they are different from the molecular structure and mechanism of action of human hormones, and will not have adverse effects on the human body. It is only unfounded to worry about precocious human nature. In addition, plant hormones have strong self-limitation, and farmers will not add more in the normal planting process, otherwise it will be counterproductive.

There is another worry about out-of-season fruits, that is, they are considered to have poor nutrition.

The nutritional value of out-of-season fruits may indeed be different from that of in-season fruits. However, these differences do not mean that they are not nutritious, let alone harmful. Considering that in the cold winter, if there is no fruit to eat, human health may be more affected. From the perspective of nutrition supply, eating fruit is much better than not eating. For example, eating grapes out of season in winter is far better than "no grapes to eat".

Generally speaking, there is nothing wrong with out-of-season fruits and vegetables. Compared with winter without fruits and vegetables, out-of-season fruits are still very helpful for people to obtain and supplement nutrients, especially vitamins and minerals.

9. "Don’t eat after noon" helps to lose weight?

Myth: "Don’t eat after noon" probably means that you don’t eat after noon (from 11: 00 noon to 1: 00 pm) until dawn the next day. In the minds of many dieters, "no food after noon" is regarded as "a good way to lose weight". Some people even regard it as a "secret method of health preservation" and insist on it for many years.

Truth: If people are on an empty stomach for a long time, then the body will have some abnormal reactions-the contents of two hormones that regulate weight will deviate greatly from the normal value:

Brain-gut peptides that can increase appetite, stimulate hunger, accelerate gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion will increase rapidly; Leptin, which can reduce appetite and inhibit the synthesis of fat cells, will be greatly reduced. If so, people will not lose weight after lunch, but will gain weight more easily.

Eating the right dinner is more helpful to health than not eating it. It is best to have dinner between 5: 00 and 7: 00, and try to keep it regular; Dinner should be light, and you can eat some lean meat or eggs with short muscle fiber and easy digestion. Eat more vegetables and coarse grains.

Compared with the ancients, modern people have a large amount of activities at night, and often go to bed in the early hours of the morning. If they don’t eat dinner or even stop eating, they will lack energy, and there is gastric acid in the human stomach. If they don’t eat for a long time, it may cause gastric acid to damage the gastric mucosa, and diseases such as ulcers will appear over time. If the ulcer is not found in time, it is likely that more serious diseases such as gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcer perforation will occur.

"No food after noon" is not suitable for everyone. Only by grasping the rhythm and habits of eating carefully can we realize our pursuit of good figure under the premise of health. Eat after noon, and eat with high quality. This is the correct way to keep in good health.

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How can radioactive nuclear waste discharged from nuclear power plants be safely recycled？

Spent fuel pool for storing spent fuel.

In a thermal power plant, a pile of coal is burned, leaving cinders. In nuclear power plants, spent fuel is discharged after slow fission reaction of nuclear fuel.

Just like a thermal power plant needs to keep adding coal, when the nuclear fuel cannot maintain a certain power, it needs to be replaced. This kind of nuclear fuel discharged from the reactor is called spent fuel. But "lack" does not mean that it is useless. Unlike the cinder left after burning coal, there are still a lot of treasures in the spent fuel. By extracting up to 96% of unburned uranium and newly generated nuclear fuel, the fuel elements needed for power generation in nuclear power plants can be rebuilt.

For China, which is about to usher in the rapid growth of nuclear power, this way of recycling uranium resources will largely solve the thirst for "nuclear fuel". According to the estimation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), China has 1.2-1.7 million tons of potential uranium resources, and the proven reserves of uranium resources are about 170,000 tons. With the increase of nuclear power units, China’s demand for uranium resources is increasing. Statistics from the Geology and Minerals Division of CNNC show that by 2020, China is expected to have a shortage of natural uranium of up to 2,600 tons, and by 2030, this figure will climb to 10,900 tons. For the whole world, natural uranium is also in short supply.

Spent fuel reprocessing is an extremely critical link in the nuclear fuel cycle, whether from the perspective of improving the utilization rate of uranium resources, ensuring the long-term development of nuclear energy or reducing nuclear waste. However, in the face of huge demand for nuclear energy development, China’s reprocessing capacity is in urgent need of upgrading.

Extracting "Uranium" from Spent Fuel

According to the different radioactivity, nuclear waste is divided into high-level radioactive waste and medium-low radioactive waste. Among them, the spent fuel is highly radioactive, and the work clothes, gloves, abandoned and retired instruments and equipment used in nuclear power plants belong to low-level radioactive waste.

China has developed mature disposal technology for low-level radioactive waste. Both solid nuclear waste and liquid nuclear waste are solidified first, and then put into a 200-liter stainless steel barrel and placed in a near-surface repository. At present, China has built two low-level radioactive waste disposal sites: the northwest disposal site in Yumen, Gansu Province and the south China disposal site in Beilong, Guangdong Province.

The disposal of high-level radioactive waste is a worldwide problem.

A million-kilowatt thermal power plant burns about 3.3 million tons of coal every year, but a nuclear power plant with the same capacity only uses 30 tons of nuclear fuel a year, and its weight does not change much after it becomes spent fuel. Take the million-kilowatt PWR nuclear power plant as an example, which produces 25-30 tons of spent nuclear fuel every year.

Many radioactive elements in spent fuel have a half-life of tens of thousands of years, ranging from about 2.1 million years to nearly 500 years. Spent fuel will be temporarily stored in the special boron pool of the nuclear power plant before being sent to the repository.

At present, there are two ways of spent fuel in the world: one is the "one-pass" open nuclear fuel cycle represented by the United States, and the spent fuel is sent to deep geological strata for disposal or long-term storage as waste after cooling and packaging; In the closed cycle adopted by Britain, France and other countries, spent fuel is stored in the spent fuel pool of nuclear power plants for 5-8 years and then transported to the reprocessing plant for reprocessing. In the post-treatment, the spent fuel is cut into small pieces, dissolved in acid, and useful uranium and plutonium are extracted and reused as fuel. The remaining waste liquid is given to a glass curing plant for curing, then put into a special waste tank and transported to a permanent disposal site for storage.

Schematic diagram of nuclear fuel cycle. In addition to countries that firmly take the road of one-pass and closed cycle, some countries choose to temporarily store spent fuel first.

Generally speaking, the utilization rate of uranium resources in PWR nuclear power plant is only about 0.6%. If the spent fuel is post-treated and the "squeezed" uranium is recycled once in pressurized water, natural uranium can be saved by 25%. If this cycle is repeated many times, the utilization rate of uranium resources can reach 1%;

If plutonium obtained from reprocessing and depleted uranium left after uranium enrichment are made into fast reactor fuel, the utilization rate of uranium resources can reach 60% to 70%.

Gu Zhongmao, former deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of the Chinese Academy of Atomic Energy, wrote in 2011 that even according to the estimated amount of spent fuel discharged from nuclear power plants around the world at that time (about 10,000 tons/year), the "one-pass" circulation mode requires the world to build a geological repository with the scale equivalent to the Yucca Mountain Library in the United States (with a design capacity of 70,000 tons) every 6-7 years. As long as the installed capacity of nuclear power in the world doubles, it is necessary to build a geological repository every 3-4 years, which is obviously an unbearable burden.

Moreover, the spent fuel contains all radioactive nuclide heat sources, and the disposal space required for waste per unit volume is large.

In contrast, if the spent fuel produced by the million kilowatt pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant is 30 tons per year, its high-level radioactive waste can be concentrated in the glass body, and the radioactivity level will be greatly reduced, and the more "stubborn" long-lived radionuclides will be reduced.

The weakest link

For the construction of reprocessing, a Japanese expert once made such an analogy: Now many countries are building nuclear power plants, just like eating. Everyone is eating the best part now, but they don’t pay enough attention to the reprocessing of spent fuel. If this development continues, nuclear power will not be sustainable.

For China, where the scale of nuclear power construction in the world ranks first in the world, the decoupling between nuclear power plant construction and reprocessing development is particularly prominent. Up to now, there are 26 nuclear power units under construction in China, and 25 nuclear power units have been put into commercial operation, with a total installed capacity of 23.57GW (rated installed capacity, 1GW=1000MW, 1MW=1000KW, 1KW=1000W), and it has a blueprint for nuclear power development with an installed capacity of 58GW and a capacity under construction of more than 30GW in 2020.

With the construction and operation of nuclear power units, the production and accumulation of spent fuel will increase year by year. Relevant statistics show that by 2015, the total amount of spent fuel produced in China will reach 3,500 tons, and by 2020 it will reach about 10,000 tons.

At present, a large-scale commercial spent fuel reprocessing plant has not been built in China, and the first and only pilot plant for spent fuel reprocessing of power reactors in China was built in CNNC 404 plant in Gansu, and the annual processing capacity of the pilot project is far from meeting the needs of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing in China. Spent fuel reprocessing/recycling has become the weakest link in China’s nuclear fuel cycle.

France is a pioneer in the back-end industry of nuclear fuel cycle, with the largest, most mature and advanced commercial spent fuel reprocessing and recycling industry in the world, with an annual processing capacity of 1,600 tons, which not only meets domestic demand, but also provides services to Japan, Spain, Sweden and other countries.

Although the United States stopped commercial reprocessing activities for reasons of nuclear non-proliferation, it never stopped the research and development of reprocessing technology.

India started the research on reprocessing technology in 1950s, and it is the fourth country to run a commercial reprocessing plant after Britain, France and Russia, and its thorium fuel closed cycle route and fast reactor spent fuel reprocessing technology are at a relatively advanced level.

The urgency of building a large commercial reprocessing plant in China is not only due to huge practical needs, but also due to the three-step development strategy of "PWR-Fast Reactor-Fusion Reactor" in China’s nuclear power development in the long run. The fuel used in the fast reactor must be extracted from the spent fuel of PWR first. Without the reprocessing plant, the fast reactor will become an "island" and its operation will face the embarrassment of "cooking without rice". The design and construction of a large reprocessing plant is a complex system engineering with great difficulty, which spans 15 years or even longer.

"In the fast reactor nuclear energy system, the fast reactor is like a heart and the nuclear fuel cycle is like an artery." Gu Zhongmao, former deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of the Chinese Academy of Atomic Energy, once said, "If the post-processing capacity does not go up, then the scale of fast reactors will not go up."

walking on two legs

Under the urgent situation, China’s independent development and the introduction of foreign advanced reprocessing plant technology are advancing simultaneously.

The above-mentioned CNN404 reprocessing pilot plant was successfully commissioned on December 21st, 2010, which indicates that China has mastered the reprocessing technology of spent fuel in power reactors.

Therefore, the significance of this pilot plant lies in: opening up the technological process of post-treatment of nuclear power plants; Inspect and verify the reliability and safety of equipment, instruments and meters; Accumulate design experience, operation experience and construction experience for future reprocessing plants with larger commercial scale.

In a sense, the successful hot commissioning of CNNC 404 Pilot Plant has also improved China’s bargaining power when introducing foreign post-processing technology and increased its bargaining chip.

In a reporter’s question-and-answer session in May last year, Wang Yiren, deputy director of the Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and deputy director of the National Atomic Energy Agency, clearly defined the path of China’s spent fuel reprocessing capacity: First, continue to improve the supporting facilities for the pilot plant, build the pilot plant into a comprehensive scientific research experimental platform, form a continuous processing capacity, and initially open up the road of closed cycle of nuclear fuel. Second, on the basis of the pilot post-treatment plant, carry out scientific research, optimize the main process, enlarge the key equipment, have the ability to independently design, build and operate the demonstration plant of spent fuel post-treatment, and rely on independent technology to build an industrial-scale post-treatment project. Third, actively carry out international cooperation, adhere to the principle of focusing on ourselves, and cooperate with China and foreign countries to build a large-scale post-treatment factory.

The key words are: independent development, Sino-foreign cooperation and walking on two legs.

In the "Longteng 2020" scientific and technological innovation plan released by CNNC at the end of 2012, a 200-ton large-scale commercial spent fuel reprocessing demonstration project with independent intellectual property rights was included in the first batch of eight scientific and technological innovation demonstration projects.

In 2013, CNNC signed a letter of intent for cooperation with Areva Group, a leading enterprise in the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle in the world, for a large-scale commercial reprocessing-recycling plant project, which will be built by adopting international advanced reprocessing recycling technology. After being put into operation in 2030, it has an annual reprocessing capacity of 800 tons of spent fuel.

At the end of June this year, witnessed by the Chinese and French prime ministers, Qian Zhimin, general manager of CNNC, and Philippe Knoche, CEO of Areva Group, signed the Memorandum of Understanding between China National Nuclear Corporation and Areva Group on the Road Map for Commercial Negotiation of Post-treatment/Recycling Plant Project Contract in Paris.

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Code for Prevention and Control of Exhaust Pollution of Passenger and Freight Vehicles in Guangzhou (for Trial Implementation)

Guangzhou City Road Transport Passenger and Freight Vehicle Exhaust Pollution Prevention and Control Work Specification (Trial) All relevant units: In order to standardize the environmental protection management of road transport passenger and freight vehicles in our city and continuously improve the environmental protection level of passenger and freight vehicles in our city, the Guangzhou Road Transport Passenger and Freight Vehicle Exhaust Pollution Prevention and Control Work Specification (Trial) is hereby issued to you, please implement it. Guangzhou Municipal Transportation Commission February 5, 2008 Article 1 In order to prevent and control the exhaust pollution of motor vehicles, protect and improve the atmospheric environment, enhance the environmental protection level of passenger and freight vehicles transported by road in this city, and strengthen the environmental protection management of passenger and freight vehicles in this city, According to the provisions of Guangzhou Municipality on the Prevention and Control of Motor Vehicle Pollution, Regulations on the Management of Road Passenger Transportation and Passenger Stations (Order No.10 [2005] of the Ministry of Communications), Regulations on the Management of Road Freight Transportation and Stations (Order No.6 [2005] of the Ministry of Communications), Regulations on the Management of Motor Vehicle Maintenance (Order No.7 [2005] of the Ministry of Communications) and other laws and regulations, combined with the actual situation of this Municipality. Article 2 These norms shall apply to the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of passenger and freight vehicles engaged in road transport business activities within the administrative area of this Municipality. Article 3 The municipal traffic administrative department shall, jointly with the municipal environmental protection administrative department, implement unified supervision and management on the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of road transport passenger and freight vehicles in the whole city, and be responsible for organizing the implementation of this Code.The traffic administrative department of the district or county-level city shall, jointly with the local environmental protection administrative department, be responsible for the supervision and management of the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of road transport passenger and freight vehicles within its jurisdiction. Transport enterprises and higher management units of stations and yards shall take effective measures to supervise and manage the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of passenger and freight vehicles in their subordinate enterprises and yards. Transport enterprises and stations shall establish and improve the management system for the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of passenger and freight vehicles. Road transport enterprises are responsible for the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of passenger and freight vehicles belonging to them, and passenger and freight stations are responsible for the inspection and control of exhaust pollution of passenger and freight vehicles entering and leaving the station, so as to prevent the exhaust pollution detection from exceeding the standard or "smoky" vehicles from operating on the road. Article 4 When the competent administrative department of environmental protection conducts sampling inspection on exhaust pollution of passenger and freight vehicles in the parking places of highway passenger and freight stations and other motor vehicles according to law, the sampled unit or the owner or user of the motor vehicle shall not refuse sampling inspection, and shall not practise fraud. Fifth passenger and freight stations should regularly carry out exhaust pollution sampling inspection of passenger and freight vehicles entering and leaving the station. Equipped with testing equipment that meets the national or municipal motor vehicle pollutant emission standards; Arrange special personnel to carry out sampling inspection and obtain the post certificate after passing the training; Announce the inspection operation flow, establish and improve the inspection account, urge vehicles with excessive exhaust emissions to be repaired in time, and supervise that vehicles with excessive exhaust emissions are not allowed to leave the station for operation. Article 6 Passenger stations and yards shall stipulate through operating agreements that passenger transport enterprises should do a good job in preventing and controlling the exhaust pollution of passenger vehicles entering the station.For vehicles that have passed the exhaust test and exceeded the national standard, they will be stopped, and the vehicle unit will be notified to carry out maintenance on the vehicle concerned. Only after the test reaches the standard can they be arranged to send passengers to work; In January, if the exhaust gas exceeds the standard for 3 times or more, it shall be reported to the municipal road transport management institution to revoke the vehicle entry permit; Those responsible for failing to do a good job in testing or allowing over-standard vehicles to be dispatched with passengers shall be dealt with severely and reported to the superior management unit of the station and the municipal traffic administrative department in time. Seventh passenger station superior management unit shall supervise and inspect the implementation of the tail gas control system of the passenger station every month, and report the inspection results to the municipal traffic administrative department every month; If it is found that the passenger stations and yards that fail to do a good job of testing according to the regulations or allow vehicles with excessive exhaust gas to be dispatched with passengers, the relevant responsible persons will be dealt with severely. Article 8 The municipal, district, and county-level traffic administrative departments shall regularly organize monthly inspections on the exhaust pollution control of passenger vehicles entering the passenger station under their jurisdiction, and order the superior management unit of the passenger station and the passenger station yard to immediately rectify if it is found that the inspection work is not done well according to the regulations or the vehicles with excessive exhaust pollution are allowed to be dispatched, and hold the relevant personnel accountable, and informed criticism in the industry; If the circumstances are serious, the passenger station will be included in the key supervision object for follow-up supervision. Article 9 The operators in freight stations should strengthen the maintenance of their own vehicles and freight vehicles transported by agreement, and organize the implementation of immediate maintenance of freight vehicles that have exceeded the standards detected by environmental protection departments or stations, and that are "emitting black smoke"; And actively "smoke black smoke" on the venue.Motor vehicles make complaints and reports. Article 10 A freight station shall sign an agreement with the operators on the site, requiring the operators to do a good job in the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of inbound freight vehicles, and implement the regulatory responsibility of the operators in meeting the standards of exhaust emission of cargo handling vehicles; For inbound vehicles whose exhaust gas detection exceeds the standards prescribed by the state, it shall immediately notify the driver of the vehicle concerned or the operators in the field to repair the vehicle, and be responsible for providing legal maintenance supporting services. Only after the detection reaches the standard can it be arranged to load and unload goods at the station. Article 11 The municipal, district, and county-level traffic administrative departments shall regularly organize monthly inspections on the exhaust pollution control of vehicles in freight stations under their jurisdiction, and order freight stations to make rectification within a time limit if it is found that the inspection work is not done well according to the regulations, and freight vehicles with excessive exhaust pollution are allowed to load and unload goods into the station or operate out of the station; For freight stations and yards whose qualified rate of tail gas emission is less than 80% in the sampling inspection organized by the competent department of environmental protection every month, if the circumstances are serious in informed criticism, the freight stations and yards will be included in the key supervision objects for follow-up supervision. At the same time, the control of truck exhaust emissions should be included in the assessment content of demonstration freight stations in the development zone. Twelfth road transport passenger and freight enterprises shall establish vehicle technical files and two-level maintenance system in accordance with the provisions, and sign a vehicle maintenance commission contract with qualified standardized operation and maintenance enterprises. All vehicles whose self-inspection exhaust gas exceeds the standard shall be shut down for treatment; Vehicles that fail to pass the environmental protection law enforcement sampling inspection shall be repaired and qualified within 7 working days as required, and at the same time, the responsibility shall be investigated and investigated to deal with the relevant responsible persons.And report the rectification to the superior management unit of the enterprise and the road transport management institution. Thirteenth road transport passenger and freight enterprise superior management unit shall be responsible for urging subordinate enterprises to implement the vehicle self-inspection security system; Every month, it shall check the implementation of the tail gas control system for passenger and freight vehicles of its subordinate enterprises, and severely deal with the person in charge of the enterprise and the relevant responsible persons who find that they do not implement the self-inspection guarantee system for their subordinate vehicles. Article 14 City, district and county-level city road transport management institutions shall be responsible for the follow-up treatment of vehicles with excessive exhaust emissions under their jurisdiction according to the sampling results of passenger and freight vehicles organized by the competent department of environmental protection, and order the relevant passenger and freight enterprises to immediately stop the operation of the vehicles on the road, and resume operation only after they have passed the maintenance within 7 working days, and provide a report that the inspection points designated by the competent department of environmental protection have passed the re-inspection. Article 15 City, district and county-level city road transport management institutions shall conduct spot checks on the tail gas emission control of passenger and freight enterprises under their jurisdiction on a quarterly basis, focusing on inspecting and urging passenger and freight vehicle operators to implement vehicle self-inspection guarantee according to regulations, establish vehicle technical files, and carry out secondary maintenance according to regulations; If it is found that the self-inspection guarantee work is not done according to the regulations, the enterprise shall be ordered to make rectification within a time limit; For the transportation enterprises whose qualified rate of tail gas emission is less than 80% in the sampling inspection organized by the competent department of environmental protection every quarter, if the circumstances are serious, the transportation enterprises will be included in the key supervision objects for follow-up supervision. Sixteenth motor vehicle maintenance enterprises shall carry out maintenance operations on passenger and freight vehicles in accordance with technical standards, in accordance with "one vehicle for one file"System to establish vehicle maintenance files, strictly control the completion inspection of vehicle exhaust emissions. Motor vehicle maintenance factory, in the maintenance quality assurance period, the sampling due to maintenance quality reasons do not meet the pollutant discharge standards, motor vehicle maintenance enterprises should be free repair, and the implementation of the relevant rectification report to the municipal road transport management institution; Those who refuse to repair during the quality guarantee period or whose maintenance quality still does not meet the requirements after repair shall be punished by the municipal road transport management institution and the competent administrative department of environmental protection according to law. Seventeenth road transport comprehensive performance testing institutions shall, in accordance with the national and local technical standards on the management of operating vehicles, carry out technical grade evaluation and secondary maintenance quality inspection of passenger and freight vehicles; For passenger and freight vehicles that exceed the standard due to vehicle exhaust pollution detection, statistics should be regularly summarized and reported to the municipal road transport management institution. Article 18 The municipal, district and county-level road transport management institutions and the municipal automobile and motorcycle maintenance industry management association shall regularly conduct random inspection on the secondary maintenance quality of passenger and freight vehicles of maintenance enterprises, focusing on the maintenance quality of engines and exhaust pollution control systems, and the municipal, district and county-level road transport management institutions shall investigate and deal with relevant violations according to law. For the maintenance enterprises that issue false or fail to issue the factory certificate of motor vehicle maintenance completion, and violate the rules for three times within 12 months and other serious illegal circumstances, the second-level maintenance qualification shall be cancelled according to law. Article 19 The municipal, district, and county-level city road transport management agencies shall carry out a secondary maintenance quality check on passenger and freight vehicles of this city whose tail gas emission test is unqualified, such as road inspection, road inspection or mass report of "black smoke".Ordering the relevant maintenance enterprises to repair the vehicles that are still in the quality guarantee period, and sending them to the road transport comprehensive performance testing institutions for inspection before delivery; In the process of maintenance, the maintenance enterprises that fail to operate according to technical standards, resort to deceit and operate illegally will be punished according to law, and the maintenance enterprises that issue false or fail to issue the factory certificate of motor vehicle maintenance completion and violate the rules for three times within 12 months will be disqualified from secondary maintenance according to law. Twentieth road transport enterprises, stations and yards should regularly organize publicity, education and training on traffic environmental protection, so that all kinds of employees can receive environmental protection training at different levels and with different contents, and improve their environmental awareness, professional level and operational skills; Organize relevant responsible persons to hold meetings on a regular basis, report the progress of the work, and report the relevant work to the superior management unit every month. Article 21 In accordance with the above contents of this Code, all transport enterprises, stations and higher-level units shall formulate an assessment plan for the prevention and control of exhaust pollution of passenger and freight vehicles, clarify the main body of responsibility, establish a target responsibility system, regard the completion of exhaust pollution prevention and control by all departments of the enterprise as an important part of the annual performance appraisal, and implement the reward and punishment mechanism. City, district, county-level city road transport management institutions organize annual assessment of the exhaust emission control work of passenger and freight enterprises and station units under their jurisdiction, and urge enterprises to improve and implement the exhaust emission control and vehicle maintenance and other related systems. The municipal administrative departments of transportation and environmental protection jointly carry out the evaluation of the work of rectifying the exhaust pollution of operating vehicles in various districts and county-level cities every year.Establish and improve the linkage supervision mechanism of district and county transportation and environmental protection departments for territorial operating vehicles. Twenty-second this specification shall come into force as of March 1, 2008, with a validity period of 5 years. Upon expiration of the validity period, it shall be evaluated and revised according to the implementation.

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How to make the income distribution of employees in state-owned enterprises more reasonable？ Understand this document in one article.

　　BEIJING, May 26 (Xinhua) On the 25th, the Chinese government website published "the State Council’s Opinions on Reforming the Wage Determination Mechanism of State-owned Enterprises" (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions"), and a document affecting the wages of employees of state-owned enterprises was officially published.

　　Are the salaries of all employees of state-owned enterprises rising?

　　The "Opinions" clarify that if the economic benefits of enterprises increase, the growth rate of total wages in that year can be determined within the range of not exceeding the growth rate of economic benefits. Among them, if the labor productivity did not improve in that year, the input-output ratio of labor cost in the previous year was lower than the industry average, or the average wage of employees in the previous year was significantly higher than the average wage of employees in urban units nationwide, the growth rate of total wages in that year should be lower than the growth rate of economic benefits in the same period; For enterprises whose main business is not in fully competitive industries and fields, if the average wage of employees in the previous year reached the regulation level and above stipulated by government functional departments, the growth rate of total wages in that year should be lower than the growth rate of economic benefits in the same period, and the average wage growth rate of employees should not exceed the wage growth regulation target stipulated by government functional departments.

　　If the economic benefits of an enterprise decline, the total wages of that year will, in principle, decrease accordingly, except for non-operating factors such as policy adjustment. Among them, if the labor productivity did not decline in that year, the input-output ratio of labor cost in the previous year was obviously better than the industry average, or the average wage of employees in the previous year was obviously lower than the average wage of employed persons in urban units nationwide, the total wage in that year could be appropriately reduced.

　　In addition, if the enterprise fails to maintain and increase the value of state-owned assets, the total wages shall not increase or decrease moderately.

　　At the same time, the "Opinions" emphasize strengthening the performance appraisal of all employees, so that the wage income of employees is closely linked to their work performance and actual contribution, and it is practical to increase and decrease energy.

　　Implement classified management of total wages.

　　According to the "Opinions", linkage indicators will be set scientifically, assessment targets will be determined reasonably, and different assessment priorities will be highlighted according to the functional nature and industry characteristics of enterprises.

　　For commercial state-owned enterprises, the total profit (or net profit), economic added value, return on net assets and other indicators reflecting economic benefits, the preservation and appreciation of state-owned capital and market competitiveness should be mainly selected.

　　For commercial state-owned enterprises whose main business is in important industries and key fields related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, while mainly selecting indicators reflecting economic benefits and maintaining and increasing the value of state-owned capital, they can increase operating income, task completion rate and other indicators reflecting the national strategy according to the actual situation.

　　For financial state-owned enterprises, which are developmental and policy-oriented, we should mainly select indicators that reflect the national strategy and risk control, taking into account indicators that reflect economic benefits; If it is commercial, it should mainly select indicators that reflect economic benefits, asset quality and solvency.

　　Investigate and deal with the illegal payment of wages by state-owned enterprises.

　　The "Opinions" pointed out that it is necessary to establish an information disclosure system for wage distribution in state-owned enterprises. Institutions and state-owned enterprises that perform the responsibilities of investors regularly disclose the total wages of enterprises and the average wage level of employees to the public every year and accept public supervision.

　　The "Opinions" also proposed to improve the supervision and inspection system for the internal and external income of state-owned enterprises. The human resources and social security department, in conjunction with the departments of finance and state-owned assets supervision, regularly conducts supervision and inspection on the implementation of the national wage and income distribution policy by state-owned enterprises, and promptly investigates and deals with illegal payment of wages and indiscriminate payment of extra-wage income.

　　If the enterprise has overpaid or overpaid the total wages and other irregularities, the total wages paid in violation of the regulations shall be deducted, and the person in charge of the enterprise and the relevant responsible personnel shall be given economic punishment and disciplinary action according to the relevant provisions. (Zhongxin Jingwei APP)

　　Pay attention to Zhongxin Jingwei WeChat WeChat official account (WeChat search "Zhongxin Jingwei" or "jwview") to see more exciting financial information.

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People’s happy life is the greatest human right.

　　People’s happy life is the greatest human right.

　　Qiushi magazine editorial department

　　"Since the day of its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has made it his initial mission to seek happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, and has been striving for the interests of the people for more than 100 years";

　　"After a long and arduous struggle, China has successfully embarked on a road of human rights development that conforms to the trend of the times and suits its national conditions";

　　"We have continuously developed people’s democracy throughout the process, promoted the protection of human rights and the rule of law, and safeguarded social fairness and justice. The people of China enjoy broader, fuller and more comprehensive democratic rights. The human rights of the people of China have been guaranteed as never before. ".

　　On May 25, 2022, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader met with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Bachelet, by video in Beijing. Combining the history and culture of China, he expounded in depth the major issues related to the development of human rights in China, and showed China’s principled position of devoting itself to safeguarding and guaranteeing human rights in all directions.

　　It is the common pursuit of human society for everyone to fully enjoy human rights; It is the unremitting pursuit of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people to respect and protect human rights. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has insisted on respecting and safeguarding human rights as an important task in governing the country. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has made a series of important expositions and major arrangements, which have promoted the historic achievements of China’s human rights cause and made great contributions to the development of the world’s human rights cause. On February 25th, 2022, the 19th the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held the 37th collective study on the road of human rights development in China. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader presided over the study and delivered an important speech entitled "Unswervingly Taking the Road of Human Rights Development in China to Better Promote the Development of China’s Human Rights Cause", which profoundly summed up the achievements in the development of China’s human rights theory and practice in the new era and put forward clear requirements for better promoting the development of China’s human rights cause in the new journey.

　　— — On the historic achievements of China’s human rights cause.Emphasizing the history of the party’s struggle for a hundred years runs through the unremitting efforts of the party to unite and lead the people in striving for, respecting, safeguarding and developing human rights. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have insisted on respecting and safeguarding human rights as an important task in governing the country and promoting historic achievements in China’s human rights cause.

　　— — Main features and valuable experience of China’s human rights development road.It is emphasized that we combine the Marxist view of human rights with the concrete reality of China and the excellent Chinese traditional culture, adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), respect the people’s dominant position, proceed from China’s reality, adhere to the basic human rights with the right to subsistence and development as the first priority, adhere to the protection of human rights according to law, and actively participate in global human rights governance, thus embarking on a road of human rights development that conforms to the trend of the times and suits our national conditions.

　　— — Key work on promoting the development of human rights in China.Emphasis should be placed on coordinating the two overall situations at home and abroad, deeply understanding the importance and urgency of doing a good job in human rights work, paying more attention to respecting and safeguarding human rights, focusing on promoting the all-round development of human rights undertakings and promoting the healthy development of human rights undertakings in China.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has won the battle against poverty in an all-round way, which has lifted nearly 100 million rural poor people out of poverty, solved the overall regional poverty and completed the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty. The picture shows a collection of smiling faces (imposition photos) of poverty-stricken people taken in 2020. Xinhua news agency

　　This important speech by the Supreme Leader General Secretary is ambitious, rich in connotation and profound in thought. It scientifically clarifies the basic concept and connotation of contemporary China’s concept of human rights, and provides a fundamental follow-up and action guide for the development of China’s human rights cause in the new era.

　　Scientific guidelines for the development of human rights in China.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader adhered to the Marxist view of human rights, reviewed and summarized the thoughts and viewpoints of ancient thinkers in China and western enlightenment thinkers on human rights, and profoundly stated: "It is the common pursuit of human society to care for human life, value and dignity and realize that everyone enjoys human rights."

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has always attached great importance to human rights work. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary has made a comprehensive summary of human rights theory and practical exploration experience, combined with China’s history and reality, published a series of important expositions on respecting and safeguarding human rights, put forward a series of far-reaching new ideas, new ideas and new requirements that occupy the commanding heights of truth and morality, guided China’s human rights cause to make historic achievements in the new era, and contributed China’s wisdom and China’s plan to promote the progress of human rights in the world.

　　— — "The governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China have always respected and guaranteed human rights".The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has made it its goal to seek happiness for the people and development for mankind". "China insists on combining the principle of universality of human rights with the reality of China, constantly promoting economic and social development, enhancing people’s well-being, promoting social fairness and justice, strengthening the protection of human rights under the rule of law, striving to promote the comprehensive and coordinated development of economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights, and significantly improving the level of protection of people’s rights to subsistence and development".

　　— — "Unswervingly follow the road of human rights development in China".General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "there is no universally applicable road to human rights development in the world, and there is no best human rights protection, only better". "We don’t develop the cause of human rights based on the standard proposed by the West. No matter at what stage of development, our human rights cause should be developed in accordance with China’s national conditions and people’s requirements. ""We have combined the Marxist concept of human rights with China’s specific reality and with China’s excellent traditional culture, summed up the successful experience of our party in uniting and leading the people to respect and protect human rights, and used the achievements of outstanding human civilization for reference to embark on a road of human rights development that conforms to the trend of the times and suits our national conditions. "

　　— — Pursue the people-centered concept of human rights.General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "people’s happy life is the greatest human right", "people’s yearning for a better life is our goal" and "promoting economic and social development is, in the final analysis, to continuously meet people’s needs for a better life".

　　— — "The right to subsistence and development are the primary human rights".General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "survival is the basis of enjoying all human rights" and "development is the key to solving all the problems in China". "In the new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way, we must put the promotion of common prosperity of all the people in a more important position" and "let the broad masses of the people gain a more substantial, secure and sustainable sense of happiness".

　　— — "Put people’s life safety and health in the first place".The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "human life is the most precious, life is only once, and it will never come again", "health is an inevitable requirement for promoting people’s all-round development", "We must do whatever it takes to protect people’s lives, and we can do it at all costs", "From babies born for more than 30 hours to elderly people over 100 years old, from foreign students studying in China to foreigners coming to China, every life has been fully protected. This is the best interpretation of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s concept of governing for the people! This is the best embodiment of the moral concept of Chinese civilization that human life concerns the sky! This is also the best proof that Chinese people respect the humanistic spirit of life! "

　　— — "Promote the all-round development of people".The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "the fundamental purpose of our Party to lead the people in building a well-off society in an all-round way, carrying out reform, opening up and socialist modernization is to continuously improve people’s material and cultural living standards and promote people’s all-round development by developing social productive forces", "safeguarding the economic, political, cultural and social rights and interests of workers and staff is the fundamental requirement of China’s socialist system and the sacred duty of the party and the state", and "the people of China are striving to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which will be.

　　— — "It is more secure to promote the rights and interests of specific groups such as women and children, the elderly and the disabled".The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "the Chinese nation is a big family, and all families should live a good life", "women’s rights and interests are basic human rights", "we should adhere to the basic national policy of equality between men and women and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of women and children", "vigorously carry forward the traditional virtues of filial piety and respect for the elderly, implement the preferential treatment policy for the elderly and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly" and "all construction undertakings should include the cause of the disabled and constantly improve the protection system for the rights and interests of the disabled".

　　——“加强人权法治保障，保证人民依法享有广泛权利和自由”。最高领袖总书记强调，“要依法保障全体公民享有广泛的权利，保障公民的人身权、财产权、基本政治权利等各项权利不受侵犯，保证公民的经济、文化、社会等各方面权利得到落实”，“全面依法治国就是要坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进，坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设，推动司法公信力不断提高、人权得到切实尊重和保障”，“让人民群众在每一项法律制度、每一个执法决定、每一宗司法案件中都感受到公平正义”。

　　党的十八大以来，在以最高领袖同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，新疆人权事业不断得到新的发展和进步。图为2021年拍摄的新疆各族群众的笑脸合集（拼版照片）。新华社发

　　——“为丰富人类文明多样性、推进世界人权事业发展作出更大贡献”。最高领袖总书记强调，“促进和保护人权是全人类的事业”，“中国主张加强不同文明交流互鉴、促进各国人权交流合作，推动各国人权事业更好发展”，“我们应该大力弘扬和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的全人类共同价值，共同为建设一个更加美好的世界提供正确理念指引”。

　　Historical achievements have been made in the cause of human rights in the new era

　　Accompanied by the sound of whistle, a train full of goods left the platform from Alashankou railway port in Xinjiang and headed for Central Asia and European countries. In the first four months of 2022, the number of Central European (Central Asian) trains entering and leaving through the two ports of Horgos and Alashankou in Xinjiang has exceeded 4,000, an increase of 4.8% over the same period of last year.

　　In recent years, the overall social situation in Xinjiang has been steadily improving, the level of high-quality economic development has been continuously improved, the degree of opening up has been expanding, all ethnic groups have worked together for common prosperity and development, and the political, economic, social and cultural rights of people of all ethnic groups have been effectively guaranteed.

　　Today’s Xinjiang is in the best development period in history. The development achievements of Xinjiang are a microcosm of the development of human rights in China. Looking at China, on the vast land of more than 9.6 million square kilometers, everyone can develop themselves and contribute to society with dignity, and enjoy the opportunity to struggle in life and make their dreams come true together.

　　In this important speech, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly summarized and systematically combed the historic achievements made in China’s human rights cause since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

　　— — "Achieving the goal of the first century, building a well-off society in an all-round way, historically solving the problem of absolute poverty and laying a more solid material foundation for the development of China’s human rights cause".Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has made a strategic plan to resolutely win the battle against poverty, organized and implemented the unprecedented, strongest and most populous battle against poverty in human history, and completed the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty. A well-off society in an all-round way is a well-off society with economic prosperity, political democracy, cultural prosperity, social justice and good ecology, a well-off society with balanced development of urban and rural areas and benefiting all people, and a well-off society that earnestly respects and comprehensively guarantees human rights. China has built a well-off society in an all-round way, which has consolidated the foundation of human rights, enriched the connotation of human rights and broadened its horizons, which means the all-round development of human rights and the sharing of all people, and has written a new chapter in the cause of human rights in China.

　　— — "We will continue to develop people’s democracy throughout the process, promote the protection of human rights by the rule of law, resolutely safeguard social fairness and justice, and the people will enjoy broader, fuller and more comprehensive democratic rights."Good democracy is the foundation of freedom and human rights. The whole process of people’s democracy in China not only has a complete system and procedure, but also has a complete participation in practice, realizing the unity of process democracy and achievement democracy, procedural democracy and substantive democracy, direct democracy and indirect democracy, people’s democracy and national will. It is a full-chain, all-round and full-coverage democracy and the most extensive, authentic and effective socialist democracy.

　　— — "Promote the realization of more adequate and higher-quality employment, build the largest education system, social security system and medical and health system in the world, and vigorously improve the quality of people’s living environment".The people’s yearning for a better life is our goal. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have continuously made new progress in providing education for young children, learning and teaching, earning income from labor, getting medical care for the sick, providing for the old, living and helping the weak. China has built the largest social security system in the world, including pension, medical care and social assistance. Citizens’ right to education is guaranteed, and free compulsory education in urban and rural areas is fully realized; Historical changes have taken place in the ecological environment, and the green map under the blue sky and white clouds is constantly expanding. Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’s concept has become the consensus and action of the whole party and society.

　　— — "Adhere to the people first, life first, effectively respond to the COVID-19 epidemic, and protect people’s life safety and health to the maximum extent".In the face of the sudden outbreak of COVID-19, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core put people’s life safety and health first, insisted on putting people first, putting life first, keeping external defense input and internal defense rebound, keeping dynamic zero clearing, and making overall plans for epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, which protected people’s life safety and health to the maximum extent, and achieved significant strategic results in the fight against epidemic.

　　— — "Fully implement the party’s ethnic and religious policies, adhere to the equality of all ethnic groups, respect the religious beliefs of the masses, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups".Our Party insists on building a strong sense of the Chinese national community as the main line of the Party’s national work, establishes the Party’s strategies of governing Tibet and Xinjiang in the new era, consolidates and develops socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, and has embarked on a correct road to solve ethnic problems with China characteristics. Adhere to the China orientation of China’s religions and actively guide religions to adapt to the socialist society.

　　— — "Deepen the reform of the judicial system, strengthen the construction of a peaceful China and a China ruled by law, carry out in-depth education and rectification of political and legal personnel, comprehensively carry out a special struggle to eliminate evils, severely crack down on all kinds of illegal crimes, maintain long-term social stability, and effectively protect people’s lives and property."The rule of law is an important guarantee of human rights. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has made a major strategic plan to comprehensively govern the country according to law from the height of promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and has placed respect and protection of human rights in a more prominent position in the construction of a socialist country ruled by law, thus opening a new era in the construction of human rights ruled by law in China.

　　— — "The only major country in the world that has continuously formulated and implemented four national human rights action plans".China unswervingly promotes the development of human rights and responds to the United Nations initiative to formulate a national human rights action plan. Since 2009, four national human rights action plans have been formulated and implemented successively, which have promoted the continuous improvement of people’s living standards and ensured all rights more effectively, and made important contributions to the development of human rights in the world. The United Nations Human Rights Council and international human rights experts have highly affirmed China’s continuous formulation and implementation of the national human rights action plan.

　　— — "Actively participating in global human rights governance, making China contribution to the development of human rights in the world and providing China’s plan".Taking the road of human rights development that suits you is an important foundation for the healthy development of international human rights. The unprecedented protection of the human rights of more than 1.4 billion people in China is itself a great contribution to the progress of international human rights. China insists on combining the principle of universality of human rights with the reality of China, and insists on taking the right to subsistence and development as the primary basic human rights, which has provided important experience for the development of human rights in all countries, especially in developing countries. In recent years, resolutions of the United Nations Human Rights Council have been written into "Building a Community of Human Destiny", and the United Nations Human Rights Council has won wide approval and support from the international community through resolutions such as "Development’s contribution to the enjoyment of all human rights" and "Promoting win-win cooperation in the field of human rights" proposed by China.

　　成功走出了中国特色人权发展道路

　　1991年11月，《中国的人权状况》白皮书发布。30多年来，我国又陆续发布《西藏的主权归属与人权状况》、《中国人权事业的进展》、《中国司法领域人权保障的新进展》、《中国的减贫行动与人权进步》、《新疆人权事业的发展进步》、《全面建成小康社会：中国人权事业发展的光辉篇章》等多个人权主题的白皮书。特别是2021年6月，在中国共产党成立100周年之际发布的《中国共产党尊重和保障人权的伟大实践》白皮书，全面介绍了中国共产党推进中国人权事业发展的历程、理念和成就，系统阐释了中国人权发展道路的伟大实践、鲜明特点和世界意义。

　　There is no ready-made rules and regulations to respect, protect and develop human rights in China. We must proceed from our own reality and follow our own path of human rights development. In this important speech, the Supreme Leader General Secretary summarized the main characteristics of China’s human rights development path from six aspects, such as "adhering to the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership".

　　— — "Adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC)".Without the Communist Party of China (CPC), there would be no new China, and there would be no happy life for the people of China. The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the development of human rights in Chinese and the fuller enjoyment of human rights by the people of China. China adheres to the unity of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership, the socialist system and the respect and protection of human rights. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly stated: "the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and China’s socialist system have determined the socialist nature of China’s human rights cause, and determined that we can ensure that the people are masters of their own affairs, adhere to equal sharing of human rights, persist in planning human rights construction with systematic thinking, promote the all-round development of all kinds of human rights, and constantly realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people."

　　— — "Insist on respecting the people’s dominant position".Whether a country’s human rights situation is good or not depends on whether its people’s interests are safeguarded and whether people’s sense of gain, happiness and security is enhanced, which is the most important criterion to test a country’s human rights situation. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "Taking the people’s interests as the starting point and the end result, constantly solving the most direct and realistic interests of the people, and striving to make the people live a happy life, this is the greatest human right." Human rights are not the privilege enjoyed by some people or a few people, but the universal human rights enjoyed by the broad masses of the people. We protect the people’s democratic rights, fully stimulate the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the broad masses of the people, make the people the main participants, promoters and beneficiaries of the development of human rights, and effectively promote the all-round development of people and the common prosperity of all people to achieve more obvious substantive progress.

　　— — "Insist on proceeding from China’s reality".Different countries have different national conditions, different historical cultures, different social systems, and different levels of economic and social development. Therefore, we must and can only proceed from our own reality and people’s needs to explore a path of human rights development that suits us. Being divorced from reality and completely copying other countries’ institutional models will not only be acclimatized, but also bring disastrous consequences, and the people will ultimately suffer. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader clearly pointed out: "The development path of human rights in all countries must be decided according to their national conditions and the wishes of their own people." We combine the principle of universality of human rights with the reality of China, promote the development of human rights from China’s national conditions and people’s requirements, and ensure that people enjoy extensive, full, real, concrete and effective human rights according to law.

　　— — Adhere to the basic human rights with the right to subsistence and development as the first priority.The connotation of human rights is comprehensive and rich, and it must be comprehensively implemented and systematically promoted. For developing countries, the right to subsistence and development are the primary human rights. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Survival is the basis of enjoying all human rights, and people’s happy life is the greatest human right." We fully, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept, adhere to the people-centered development idea, insist that development is for the people, development depends on the people, and development results are shared by the people, focus on solving the most direct and realistic interests that the people are most concerned about, focus on solving the problem of insufficient development imbalance, and strive to achieve higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable and safer development, so as to enrich the people’s sense of acquisition, happiness and security in development.

　　— — Adhere to the protection of human rights according to law.The rule of law is the basic way of governing the country, and human rights are the symbol of human civilization and progress. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that "the rule of law is the most effective guarantee of human rights". It is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s firm will and unremitting pursuit to govern the country according to law in an all-round way, improve the level of legal protection of human rights in an all-round way, and ensure that people enjoy more full rights and freedoms. We adhere to equality before the law, respect and protect human rights throughout all aspects of legislation, law enforcement, judicature and law-abiding, speed up the improvement of the legal system that embodies fairness in rights, opportunities and rules, protect citizens’ personal rights, property rights and personality rights, protect citizens’ basic political rights such as democratic election, democratic consultation, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision, and protect citizens’ economic, cultural, social and environmental rights.

　　At the Beijing Paralympic Winter Games, the athletes of the China delegation participated in all events, bravely surpassed, strived for self-improvement, and worked hard in unity, playing a tenacious and optimistic song of life, which not only reflected the sports spirit and strength of the disabled, but also reflected the achievements of human rights protection and national development in China. The picture shows Yang Hongqiong, an athlete of the China delegation, competing in the short distance (sitting position group) of the Paralympic cross-country skiing on March 9, 2022. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yang Guanyu/photo

　　— — "Insist on actively participating in global human rights governance".The development of human rights is the common cause of all mankind and requires the joint efforts of all countries in the world. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "All countries have the right to choose their own path of human rights development, and different civilizations and countries should respect each other, tolerate each other, communicate with each other and learn from each other." We have always adhered to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, actively participated in global human rights governance, promoted the common values of all mankind, practiced true multilateralism, actively participated in the reform and construction of the global governance system, including human rights, and promoted the building of a community of human destiny, not only striving to improve the level of human rights development in our country, but also actively promoting the development of international human rights.

　　These "six persistences" are not only the main features of China’s human rights development, but also the valuable experience of China’s human rights development, which must be constantly adhered to and developed in light of new practices.

　　Promote the healthy development of China’s human rights cause

　　"The governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China adhere to the people-centered development ideology, always put the people’s interests in the supreme position, take the people’s yearning for a better life as the goal, and constantly improve the level of respecting and safeguarding the basic rights of the people of China."

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, and under the scientific guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era of the Supreme Leader, our party has led the people to achieve the goal of the first century of struggle as scheduled, and fulfilled the solemn commitment made to the people and history. Now, our party leads the people to start a new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and marching towards the goal of the second century, which is a new starting point for the development of Chinese’s rights cause. In this important speech, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made key arrangements for promoting the healthy development of China’s human rights cause from five aspects.

　　— — "Promoting the all-round development of human rights".On the new journey, how to promote the all-round development of human rights? The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward a clear request: "Adhere to the road of human rights development in China, conform to the people’s expectations for a high-quality and better life, constantly meet the people’s growing demand for rights in many aspects, make overall plans to promote the construction of economic development, democracy and the rule of law, ideology and culture, fairness and justice, social governance, environmental protection, etc., and comprehensively do a good job in employment, income distribution, education, social security, medical care, housing, pension, child care, etc., in material civilization,

　　— — "Strengthening the protection of human rights by law".The fundamental purpose of governing the country in an all-round way according to law is to protect people’s rights and interests according to law. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward two requirements: First, deepen the reform in the field of the rule of law, improve the mechanism for safeguarding human rights by the rule of law, and realize the full chain, whole process and all-round coverage of respecting and safeguarding human rights in legislation, law enforcement, judicature and law-abiding, so that the people can feel fairness and justice in every legal system, every law enforcement decision and every judicial case. The second is to systematically study, plan and solve outstanding problems that the people have strongly reflected in the field of rule of law, treat people’s demands fairly according to law, and resolutely put an end to things that hurt people’s feelings and harm people’s rights and interests due to judicial injustice. The general secretary particularly emphasized that "all acts that infringe upon the legitimate rights of the masses and all phenomena that are indifferent and indifferent to the infringement of the rights and interests of the masses must be seriously investigated and dealt with according to discipline and law, and resolutely pursued."

　　— — "Carry forward the correct concept of human rights".The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward six requirements: First, extensively carry out human rights publicity and knowledge popularization, and create a good atmosphere for respecting and safeguarding human rights in the whole society. The second is to carry out human rights knowledge education among all the people, especially the vast number of teenagers, and bring the education of Marxist human rights view and contemporary China human rights view into the national education system. The third is to strengthen the human rights knowledge training for public officials, especially grass-roots public officials. The fourth is to give full play to the advantages of group organizations and promote the rights and interests of specific groups such as women and children, the elderly and the disabled. Fifth, relying on the vivid practice of the development of China’s human rights cause, refining original concepts and developing China’s human rights discipline system, academic system and discourse system. Sixth, strengthen the construction of human rights think tanks and human rights research bases, and strive to train a group of high-end human rights experts with solid theory, excellent academic skills, familiarity with international rules and the ability to tell human rights stories in China.

　　— — "Actively promote global human rights governance".General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed that the people of China are willing to work with the people of other countries to uphold the common human values of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom, safeguard human dignity and rights, promote the formation of a more just, reasonable and inclusive global human rights governance, jointly build a community of human destiny and create a better future for the world. In this important speech, the General Secretary put forward requirements from three aspects: First, carry forward the common values of all mankind, adhere to the concepts of equality, mutual trust, tolerance and mutual learning, win-win cooperation and common development, and promote the development of global human rights governance in a more fair, just, reasonable and inclusive direction. Second, actively participate in United Nations human rights affairs, extensively carry out international human rights exchanges and cooperation with other countries, especially developing countries, and play a constructive role. Third, give full play to the role of the China Society for Human Rights Studies and the China Foundation for Human Rights Development, and enhance their influence on multilateral human rights institutions such as the United Nations.

　　On May 7th, 2021, the diplomatic envoys of 13 countries attending the Seminar on Poverty Reduction, Development and Human Rights in China in Ningde, Fujian visited north village, Qidu Town. China News Agency issued Chi Rong/photo

　　— — "Actively carry out the international human rights struggle".Human rights are historical, concrete and realistic, and we cannot talk about human rights in isolation from the social and political conditions and historical and cultural traditions of different countries. Evaluating whether a country has human rights cannot be measured by the standards of other countries, let alone double standards, or even regard human rights as a political tool to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs. In recent years, some western countries’ own human rights problems have become increasingly prominent, but they have used human rights issues to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs under the banner of so-called "universal human rights" and "human rights are above sovereignty", resulting in frequent wars, long-term social unrest and people’s displacement in some countries. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader clearly pointed out that on the issue of human rights, there is no need for "teachers" who dictate to other countries, let alone politicizing and instrumentalizing human rights issues, engaging in double standards and interfering in other countries’ internal affairs under the pretext of human rights. In this important speech, the general secretary put forward four requirements: First, grasp the strategic initiative. Second, focus on telling China’s human rights story well, and use visual and concrete expressions to enhance the attraction, appeal and influence of contemporary China’s human rights view. The third is to maximize the international consensus on human rights and occupy the moral commanding heights of human rights. Fourth, guide overseas China enterprises to enhance their human rights awareness and self-confidence, and effectively deal with the human rights abuse cases planned by some western countries.

　　The times are developing and human rights are progressing. China, in combination with its own reality, has embarked on a road of human rights development suited to its own national conditions. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, and under the scientific guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era of the Supreme Leader, the people of China will continue to write a new chapter in the cause of human rights in China and make greater contributions to enriching the diversity of human civilization and promoting the development of human rights in the world!

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In 26 years, the impact factor is six times longer, and the domestic academic journal Cell Research has created a miracle.

The cover of the first issue of Cell Research)2016 published the latest research on the origin of dogs by scientists in China.

Since its publication 26 years ago, the impact factor has increased from about 2 to 14.812, and the international academic journal CR (Cell Research) from China is considered to have created a miracle.

On June 13th, the Intellectual Property and Technology Division of Thomson Reuters released the latest Journal Citation Reports? (JCR) in 2016, which provided various annual journal metrics including Journal Impact Factors (JIF). The report covers 11,365 academic journals in 234 disciplines in 81 countries and regions around the world.

The higher the impact factor, the greater the influence of academic journals.

According to the report, in the field of life sciences composed of biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology, the Scientific Citation Index (SCI) has collected 423 international academic journals in the world, and Cell Research ranks 10th in terms of impact factors, and it is also the first academic journal in the life sciences in the Asia-Pacific region.

In this report, Cell Research is defined as an academic journal in the field of cell biology, but in fact, it is a comprehensive journal in the field of life science.

In the aforementioned ranking of life sciences, there are only three comprehensive journals ranked before Cell Studies, namely, internationally renowned academic journals Nature Medicine, Cell and Nature Cell biology (Nature and Science), which are comprehensive publications, including not only life science papers, but also astronomy.

This is also the first time that the influencing factors of Cell Research have surpassed the internationally renowned academic journals, such as MC (Molecular Cell) and NSMB (Nature Structural & Molecular Biology).

If only from the numerical comparison, among all disciplines, Cell Studies is the academic journal with the highest impact factor in China at present (in the actual ranking, it is only compared within the scope of classmates and the same field).

On the afternoon of June 15th, Pei Gang, an academician of China Academy of Sciences and president of Tongji University, told The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) that Cell Research was moving towards the top international academic journals. Its rise benefited from the rapid development of life science research in China, and it was also helping China scientists in the field of life science win more and more right to speak.

On the afternoon of June 15th, Pei Gang, editor-in-chief of Cell Research and academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, was interviewed by the media.

Chinese and foreign scientists contributed equally.

Cell Research is a monthly magazine, which was founded in 1990. In 2006, Pei Gang began to be the editor-in-chief. At that time, the influence factor of Cell Research was 2.161.

Pei Gang revealed that graduate students of the Chinese Academy of Sciences need to publish good and high-impact papers after graduation. In the past, in order to support the development of Cell Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences gave a regulation that if a paper was published in Cell Research, they could also graduate. At that time, people were invited everywhere to contribute articles, but now, they can’t send them through the back door.

In 2006, Pei Gang introduced Li Dangsheng, Ph.D. in molecular biology, who was then the deputy editor of the top international academic journal Cell, back to China, and asked him to be the executive deputy editor. Since then, the influencing factors of Cell Research have started to climb year after year.

On the afternoon of June 15th, Li Dangsheng, executive deputy editor of Cell Research, was interviewed by the media.

Li Dangsheng told The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) that some people did want to publish papers through the back door a few years ago, but now there is no more. Having been rejected several times, they knew the style of Cell Research. At present, the magazine receives about 1600 articles each year, and less than 100 articles can be selected for publication.

Cheng Lei, director of the editorial department of the magazine, said that Chinese and foreign scientists contributed 50% of the articles and published about the same proportion.

Academic research attaches importance to originality, and whoever publishes the paper first is often the owner of the scientific research results. Cell Research is regarded as the "fast lane" for the publication of high-quality scientific research achievements in China.

Li Dangsheng said that only top papers and high-quality scientific research results can enhance the grade and influence of Cell Research. Therefore, papers that want to be published through the back door must not work. The secret of improving the impact factor of Cell Research lies in "finding the missing", and two kinds of papers are favored by it. One is that they have not been published in top international academic journals such as Nature, and the other is that top scientists are willing to support the papers of Cell Research. To pull such a paper, first, it depends on the eye, and second, it depends on the "relationship." Editors should be very knowledgeable, in order to build a strategic position and give professional opinions and suggestions, and the editorial department should also respond quickly, provide good service and review quickly, so as to win the trust and respect of scientists.

On the afternoon of June 15th, Dr. Li Dangsheng, executive deputy editor of Cell Research, introduced the journal.

Two cases of "missing"

In this regard, Luo Zhenge, a researcher at the Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has a deep understanding.

Diseases caused by Zika virus can often heal themselves, but pregnant women infected with Zika virus may cause microcephaly in newborns. However, the direct evidence of microcephaly caused by the virus has been lacking, but only the relevant data based on epidemiological investigation.

At the beginning of 2016, imported cases of Zika virus first appeared in China, and scientists in China isolated the related virus strain SZ01.

Based on this virus strain, in April, Luo Zhenge’s research group proved for the first time that Zika virus can cross the placental barrier, resulting in the decrease of lateral ventricle cavity and the obvious decrease of cerebral cortex area in offspring mice.

This is the first discovery in the world, and it is the direct evidence that Zika virus causes microcephaly. The animal model can be used in the follow-up research and development process such as vaccine and drug testing.

Because of the obvious experimental phenomenon, Luo Zhenge submitted his research paper to an internationally renowned academic journal for the first time, but the international reviewers put forward more stringent requirements for the paper. Luo Zhenge, who was well aware of the fierce competition in this research field, immediately transferred the paper to Cell Research, and submitted it on April 24. Within 72 hours, two international reviewers gave good comments. After a short supplementary experiment, the paper was accepted on May 2 and published online on May 13.

Almost at the same time, several other similar studies were published in top international academic journals such as Nature, Science and Cell Stem Cells.

Another case is that in 2008, the research team led by Zhang Chenyu, a professor at Nanjing University, found a stable small RNA in the blood, which opened a new research field, but its paper was frustrated when it was reviewed by academic journals such as Nature, and it was delayed to be published. After learning this situation, Li Dangsheng won the paper over and finally published it in Cell Research. Up to now, according to the statistics of SCI core database, this paper has been cited more than 1500 times. This citation exceeds most research papers.

Let China’s high-quality scientific research achievements be discovered and recognized

On the afternoon of 16th, Luo Zhenge told The Paper that although China’s life science research has made great progress, in the international academic circle, China scientists whose English is not their mother tongue are still at a disadvantage in the competition. In particular, editors of many international academic journals are more familiar with foreign scientists than China scientists. However, Cell Research provides an opportunity for China’s high-quality scientific research achievements to be discovered and recognized by the international community.

At present, Cell Research has 6 editors, each of whom handles about 300 research papers every year.

Li Dangsheng said that in addition to the huge workload, another challenge faced by editors is that knowledge is updated quickly, and life sciences include many fields such as immunity, stem cells, developmental biology, structural biology, etc., and they need to study frequently to have the ability to review related papers. 30% of the papers in Cell Research are available for open access (free download), and the remaining 70% need to be paid.

Cheng Lei revealed that, except for government-funded funds, Cell Research basically achieved a balance of payments by collecting subscription fees from foreign institutions.

Jia Hepeng, former editor-in-chief of Science News magazine of Chinese Academy of Sciences and former head of China region of British Science and Development Network (SciDev.Net), told The Paper on the evening of 16th that there are many periodicals, but few good ones. Compared with start-ups, the establishment of high-quality academic publications is not burning money, but it still needs stable support so that the editorial department does not have to rack its brains for money. In particular, scientific communication is very important to improve the citation rate of individual papers and the influencing factors of journals. Some China journals have been unable to do it for many years, and the reason is that they have not done enough in scientific communication. They have always been urged by the government to do it, but they will not do it until the official gives money. However, in this respect, Cell Research has further introduced the high-quality scientific research achievements of China scientists by cooperating with springer-Nature and relying on the latter’s scientific communication ability.

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Climate and dining table ｜ What should we do if the happiness of coffee and chocolate is gone？

The scorching summer has come, and other creatures on the earth are also suffering from high temperature besides human beings. You may not realize that the ingredients that are about to become delicious food in your mouth are also in danger of "heatstroke". For example, refreshing coffee, cool orange juice and sweet chocolate. The book "The Earth Doesn’t Care: The Table Destroyed by Climate Change" shows readers an unknown global food picture, and those foods that we are used to may become increasingly scarce in the future.　

The earth doesn’t care: the dining table destroyed by climate change

Coffee that continues to reduce production.

Since 2010, the global coffee bean production has been declining, because the main coffee producing areas are located in Africa and Brazil, where the temperature is rising, especially the temperature difference between day and night is getting smaller and smaller, which directly affects the growth of coffee trees, and coffee gardens have to move to higher altitudes.

Some studies have predicted that Arabica coffee, the queen of coffee today, will be severely hit in the future. The optimal growth temperature of this coffee bean is between 18 and 24 degrees Celsius. If the temperature exceeds 30 degrees Celsius for a long time, its growth will stagnate.

Arabica coffee

In addition, there are more and more extreme climates. The high temperature scorches the coffee leaves, and the rising air humidity will cause more pests and diseases, such as a terrible fungus, Camellia sinensis. These effects not only reduce the yield of coffee beans, but also increase the price of coffee.

The book points out that if you want to continue drinking coffee, you need to change the coffee planting system. For example, choosing a coffee tree species that is more adaptable to changes requires farmers to pull out the old varieties of coffee trees. Some professors joked that "it is not so simple as separating a man from his wife".

For another example, coffee farmers should learn more sustainable planting methods, including improving soil, mixed planting, setting up cooperatives and so on. However, the change of agricultural production can not be achieved overnight, and it needs long-term experience accumulation, but also needs various considerations of social economy. I am afraid that the progress of human-made change can not keep up with the speed of environmental change.

Therefore, the author still pessimistically points out that in the future, only those who can still afford high-priced coffee can casually promise "Let’s have a cup of coffee!" For ordinary people, one day in the future, they may have to give up the leisure hobby of coffee.

Oranges plagued by plague

80% of the concentrated orange juice in the world comes from Brazil. However, a plague, Huanglongbing, broke out in orange plantations in Brazil. For oranges, Huanglongbing is just like Covid-19’s threat to human beings. The plague has swept the world, and it is constantly mutating in the process of spreading. According to FAO data, Huanglongbing has destroyed more than 100 million orange trees worldwide.

Citrus trees with Huanglongbing disease

The pathogen of Huanglongbing first lived in the hot environment of Asia, and was first discovered by farmers in Chaozhou, China hundreds of years ago. In 1965, the pathogen was found in southern Africa. Two years later, experts found its trace in the Philippines, and the pathogen and citrus psyllid combined to form a more harmful disease. In 2004, the disease also appeared in Brazil, and a new bacterial variety was produced, which began to sweep the whole America.

This plague will spread from orange tree to orange tree. When they are infected, they will give off the fragrance of methyl salicylate, attract a large number of psyllids, and further spread the disease. The researchers pointed out that with the increase of temperature, the reproduction speed of psyllid can be increased from 4 generations to 8 generations per year.

Huanglongbing not only leads to the decline of orange yield, but also makes the taste of fruit sour. In other words, orange juice is not as good as it used to be, and the composition of juice must be redesigned. This has brought new challenges to the orange juice industry.

Like human beings, solving the plague problem requires a high cost. In fact, except oranges, many crops are facing the same disease disaster problem. It is also mentioned in the book that vineyards in Europe are being harmed by a fruit fly, and olive trees are also being harmed by another fruit fly.

More and more "luxury" chocolate

Cocoa trees generally grow between 20 degrees north latitude and 20 degrees south latitude. Cocoa beans produced in C? te d ‘Ivoire and Ghana in western Africa meet the demand of two-thirds of the world cocoa bean market. With the climate change, the local rainfall is getting less and less, and cocoa trees can’t stand the long-term high temperature and dry climate. The optimum growth temperature of cocoa trees is 21-32 degrees Celsius, which can withstand the high temperature of 36 degrees Celsius for a short time. Once the temperature is exceeded for too long, the cocoa trees will suffer from "heatstroke". If there is not enough water to cool down, their own circulation system will soon collapse.

cacao tree

According to the research report "Vulnerability of Cocoa Trees in West Africa to Climate Change", the whole West Africa cocoa will be brought to the middle of the 21st century, and 50% of the planting area will disappear due to high temperature and heat. In 2016, The Wall Street Journal speculated that the chocolate industry had invested about $1 billion to develop measures to deal with climate change.

Edward George, an agricultural expert, said: "Maybe one day, chocolate will really become a luxury like champagne in Europe, and it is no longer something that ordinary people like us can easily imagine."

In fact, like coffee trees, orange trees and cocoa trees, most agricultural products planted by human beings are facing the same dilemma, with less and less water resources, more and more harsh living conditions for plants and more and more pests and diseases. At the same time, the global population is still growing, and the demand for food is increasing. In the future when climate change is getting worse, it may become more and more difficult for human beings to fill their stomachs.

Casino dice

In order to solve the food problem, we must have a deep understanding of the most serious problem facing mankind-climate change. However, in the view of William .Nordhaus, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2018, the agricultural problems concerned in The Earth Doesn’t Care: The Table Destroyed by Climate Change are still controlled systems under the influence of climate change, which can be solved by scientific and technological means. That is to say, it is still possible to make crops grow in a completely artificial environment, and of course the cost will be high.

Global warming, storm sea level rise.

Nordhaus classified the impacts of climate change into two categories, and the uncontrolled system is more terrible than the controlled system. Uncontrolled systems include sea level rise, ocean acidification, the intensification of hurricanes and the loss of ecosystems, and their operation is basically free from human intervention. Take ocean acidification as an example. Although some people still question global warming, there is basically no debate about ocean acidification, because it can be verified by simply measuring pH value. Ocean acidification will seriously affect fisheries, and oysters, corals, plankton and shellfish will be affected. Scientists’ research on this topic first appeared in 2004, and it is still in the initial research stage, so no solution has been put forward.

In the public’s cognition, climate change is still too far away. Although extreme weather such as high temperature, drought and rainstorm are becoming more and more frequent, the public still can’t directly understand the impact of climate change on themselves. Some people even think that natural scientists pay too much attention to environmental protection and fail to consider the needs of economic and social development.

Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty and Economics of Global Warming

If you feel the same way, nordhaus’s "Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty and Economics of Global Warming" will give you a new perspective to understand climate change. As the author’s metaphor in the title of this book shows, human beings are entering the "climate casino" and throwing some climate dice, some of which may be dangerous. So, what can gamblers do in casinos? First of all, we need to know the consequences of different dice to help us get out of the casino safely.

How much will it cost to mitigate climate change?

This popular science book introduces the economic policies to deal with climate change. The most important thing is that the author always discusses the possible economic impact of climate change from the perspective of "cost and benefit", so that readers can understand that climate change is actually an economic problem.

Nordhaus believes that there are three main ways to deal with the threat of climate change.

The first method is adaptation, which means that we should learn to cope with the warming world, not stop it. This method is highly praised by people who think that climate change is negligible. But the problem is that the economic cost of adaptation is not low. If the investment in agricultural facilities is acceptable, then the investment in dealing with sea level rise may be astronomical. Therefore, the general view of experts at present is that adaptation is local and prevention is global.

The second method is geo-engineering, which is generally divided into two categories. The first category is the technology of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and the second category is the solar radiation management technology that reflects sunlight and heat back into space. But the problem is that geoengineering can not completely offset the greenhouse effect on the technical level; On the implementation level, geo-engineering is a double-edged sword, which has a certain constructive role, but at the same time it is potentially destructive. It can be used in good faith or for malicious destruction. Therefore, the author believes that geo-engineering is similar to what doctors call "rescue therapy" and can only be used when other schemes fail.

The third method is to slow down (prevent) climate change, that is, to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce its atmospheric concentration. This is the focus of current global consultations, and it is the safest solution from the environmental point of view. The author thinks that although it is the most expensive to slow down climate change in the short term, it is actually the most economical way in the long term.

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Through the calculation of economic model, nordhaus found that if we live in an ideal world-all countries in this world coordinate and jointly launch emission reduction measures, earnestly ensure that all countries and departments participate, and act in a timely and efficient manner. Then, it is feasible to achieve the goal of "2-degree temperature rise ceiling" proposed by Copenhagen agreement, and it only needs to spend 1%-2% of the world’s total income every year.

However, such a world does not exist. Because "reliable and correct, it may not be popular and realized, and even in reality, it will be fiercely resisted."

Through the economic model, nordhaus found that if only half of the countries participated in the efforts, it would not only be much more expensive, but also impossible. In addition, inefficient control or methods will also double the cost. Therefore, mankind still needs to strive to develop more efficient technologies, design social mechanisms to promote economic efficiency and high participation rate, and provide help to poor countries with limited resources. Finally, we may need to adjust our goals so that they can be achieved.

Obviously, the goal of the upper limit of 1.5 degrees has become increasingly difficult to achieve. On May 17th this year, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released the latest report, saying that the global temperature may rise to a record high in the next five years, and it is very likely that it will briefly break through the threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius, one of the key indicators of global warming stipulated in the Paris Agreement.

How much do you have to pay for carbon emissions?

See here, you should probably understand why many countries have put forward the goal of carbon neutrality, and China also put forward the goal of "carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions in 2030 and in 2060" in 2021. You may also understand that what so many international climate conferences are discussing is actually urging all countries to make commitments and take practical actions. Because this is the only choice for mankind at present.

So, for ordinary people, what do you have to pay for it?

On the economic level, nordhaus proposed two ways, one is carbon tax, and the other is carbon trading. Simply put, it is to set a price for carbon emissions, and then let enterprises or consumers pay for it in different ways. In fact, this has already appeared in our daily life, such as the familiar fuel tax. He pointed out that even the most conservative economists support carbon tax as the most efficient way to slow down global warming.

However, in the policies of different countries, nordhaus believes that many control policies are inefficient or ineffective, with little impact, but they need to spend huge costs. For example, subsidies for green technologies provide financial incentives for solar energy and hybrid vehicles. Nordhaus raised his own question, why should we subsidize hybrid cars instead of bicycles? Subsidies are not the solution. It is much more practical to punish carbon emissions than subsidies.

Another thing to note is "energy-cost shortsightedness", that is, we may buy cars with lower initial cost in order to save money now, and underestimate the energy saved in the future. Failure to make the most economical decision is a common feature of human behavior, and human shortsightedness can only see immediate interests. To put it mildly, this is why some low-carbon behaviors are difficult to promote; To put it bluntly, this is the reason why human beings have come to this situation today.

Don’t be a slave to money.

Looking at climate change from an economic perspective will make the analysis and discussion more rational, and of course it will ignore other important contents. After all, money can’t solve all problems. Capitalism in Lishan: Don’t be a slave of money, be a master of Lishan with peace of mind, which is a collection of cases that can broaden one’s horizons and provide innovative solutions.

Capitalism in Lishan: Don’t Be a Slave of Money, Be a Secure Master of Lishan.

This book is based on a series of investigation reports produced by NHK after the 311 earthquake in Japan. They found some alternative economic models and coined the term "Rishan Capitalism" together with the economist Hirosuke Noguchi.

They believe that "money capitalism" is built on the premise that the circulation of funds determines everything, while "Lishan capitalism" quietly establishes a subsystem that does not depend on money next to "money capitalism", allowing people to continuously obtain water, food and fuel when they have no money. Because what people need to survive is water, food and fuel, not just money.

"Lishan capitalism" is a reflection on natural disasters that human beings can’t cope with, and it is also a reflection on the global economic system. The place was originally only a part of the global economic industrial chain, and even a party eliminated by fierce competition. If we can get rid of the inertia thinking mode of "money capitalism", re-examine the local resources and advantages, and even look at the existing problems with reverse thinking, we may find new treasures. The book introduces some interesting cases of "turning waste into treasure".

Energy revolution town

Zhenting City, Okayama Prefecture has carried out the most advanced energy revolution in Japan. The local economy is supported by forestry and wood processing industry. At the end of 1997, the local wood processing factory began to use sawdust to generate electricity, which was called "woody biomass power generation". Sawdust was originally the production waste of the factory, and it needs to be treated as industrial waste, which costs a lot of money. However, since the start of power generation, the power consumption of the factory has been almost 100% dependent on biomass power generation, which has also saved the power consumption cost, which is a typical innovation of turning waste into treasure.

Because of the excessive sawdust waste, the local factory thought of a new use, pressing it into "wood particles" and becoming a new fuel, which can be used by local families and agricultural boilers. Since then, this small town has begun to build a biomass industry and ushered in economic recovery.

In 2022, the European Parliament continued to recognize "original woody biomass" as renewable energy. In fact, Austria is the most advanced country in "power generation from woody biomass". The author of this book also went to Austria for an interview and found that, like Zhenting, a small town in Japan, energy conversion not only solved the energy problem, improved the energy self-sufficiency rate, but also promoted the local economic regeneration and even enhanced national security.

Overcome the lack of society

Aging and declining birthrate are making Japan a "society without opportunities", that is, a society in which people lose contact. There are many vacant houses and elderly people in Zhuangyuan City, Hiroshima Prefecture. The local "Overpopulation Inversion Association" is conducting some welfare experiments on how to turn the problem into resources. They believe that "the disadvantage is not a defect but a treasure chest". Community currency is an interesting attempt.

The staff of the "Overpopulation Inversion Association" heard when chatting with some day-care elderly people that some elderly people like to grow vegetables at home, and they can be self-sufficient, and there will be many vegetables left rotting in the ground, which makes the elderly feel very distressed. So they thought of a way. All the ingredients in the local welfare homes are purchased from foreign real estate. If you buy the dishes of the elderly in the form of community currency, it will not reduce food waste. In the end, the welfare home bought the dishes for the elderly at half the market price, and the elderly could pay for day care with community currency, achieving a win-win situation.

Later, a local restaurant that can use community currency was opened, and a nursery park was opened next to it. The ingredients in the restaurant come from the vegetable garden of the local elderly, and the staff is the mother who is raising children. After sending the children, they can start working. Old people can have lunch in the restaurant or play with the children in the nursery.

Community currency returns to the original function of currency-exchange value, and at the same time undertakes the function of rebuilding local interpersonal connection. People can exchange and communicate with resources and skills that cannot enter the market, especially those who are usually considered as the weak in society, including the elderly, the disabled and housewives.

summarize

In the economic model of Nobel Prize economist nordhaus, we understand why we should reduce carbon emissions to deal with climate change, because it is the only rational choice for human beings. Only along this road, those foods we love can last longer. However, this road is full of thorns, because many problems of "money capitalism" have accumulated. At this time, we need to change some ways of thinking, just like the solution of "Lishan capitalism".

"The insurance premium of Lishan capitalism is not money, but to act and prepare for the matter itself."

For ordinary people, climate change is a problem that we can’t solve with money, but we can use "action and preparation" to win more insurance for ourselves. Preparation comes from our understanding of climate change; Action comes from the change of our daily behavior.

People share the food on the table.

In a recent sustainable food workshop, I shared some information about endangered foods with the participants. I just told them which foods might disappear, and I didn’t have time to introduce the story "The Earth doesn’t care: the table destroyed by climate change" in detail. Even so, when people know that coffee and chocolate may become increasingly scarce, they have shown their frustration that happiness will be deprived.

Perhaps such depression is the seed of "action and preparation". In the face of an uncertain future, we cannot underestimate the impact of climate change, nor can we underestimate the potential of individual action.

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Tesla wants to kill ＂brake failure＂

Recently, Ashok Elluswamy, director of Tesla autopilot software, gave a speech at CVPR 2022 conference, introducing many achievements made by Tesla autopilot team in the past year, especially the neural network model named Occupancy Networks (hereinafter referred to as occupation network).

He said that there are many problems in the traditional methods of semantic segmentation and depth information used in autonomous driving systems, such as the difficulty of converting 2D to 3D and the inaccurate estimation of depth information.

After using the occupancy network, the model can predict the space occupied by objects around the vehicle (including the space generated by the next action of dynamic objects).

Based on this, vehicles can make evasive actions without identifying the specific obstacles-Ashok Elluswamy even joked on Twitter that Tesla’s car can even avoid UFOs!

Based on this technology, vehicles can also see whether there are obstacles in the surrounding corners, so as to realize unprotected steering like human drivers!

In short, the occupation of the network has significantly enhanced Tesla’s autonomous driving ability (L2).

It is said that Tesla’s autopilot system can prevent 40 car accidents caused by driver errors every day!

In addition, Ashok Elluswamy also highlighted the efforts of Tesla Autopilot system in preventing drivers from misoperation.

By sensing the external environment and the driver’s operating system, the vehicle can identify the driver’s misoperation, such as stepping on the accelerator pedal at the wrong time, the vehicle will stop accelerating and brake automatically!

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Tesla active braking

That is to say, some problems of "brake failure" caused by driver’s misoperation that have been frequently exposed in China will be technically restricted.

I have to say that Tesla is really good at promoting technological progress. The following is a video compilation of Ashok Elluswamy’s speech, with a slight deletion.

First, the pure vision algorithm is powerful, and the two-dimensional image is transformed into three-dimensional.

At the beginning of the speech, Ashok said that not everyone knows the specific functions of Tesla’s autopilot system, so he briefly introduced it.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲Ashok

According to him, Tesla’s autopilot system can help vehicles achieve lane keeping, vehicle following, deceleration and cornering, etc. In addition to these, Tesla’s autopilot system is also equipped with standard safety functions, such as emergency braking and obstacle avoidance, which can avoid a variety of collisions.

In addition, since 2019, about 1 million Tesla vehicles can use more advanced navigation on the expressway, check the information of adjacent lanes to perform lane changes and identify the entrances and exits of the expressway.

Moreover, the Tesla autopilot system can automatically park in the parking lot, identify traffic lights and road signs, and make a right turn to bypass obstacles such as cars. At present, these functions have been verified by hundreds of thousands of Tesla owners.

In the speech, Ashok also took out a video recorded by a user. The video shows that when the user is driving on a crowded road in San Francisco, the car screen shows the surrounding environment, such as road boundaries, lane lines, the position and speed of nearby vehicles.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ The system recognizes the surrounding environment.

On the one hand, these need the support of hardware such as Tesla car and camera, on the other hand, they also need the support of algorithms and neural networks built into Tesla autopilot system.

According to Ashok, Tesla is equipped with eight 1.2-megapixel cameras, which can capture 360-degree images of the surrounding environment and generate an average of 36 images per second. Then Tesla’s car will process this information, and it can perform 144 trillion operations per second (TeraOPs/s).

Moreover, these processes are based on pure vision algorithm, without using lidar and ultrasonic radar, and without high-definition map.

So how does Tesla’s autopilot system identify general obstacles?

Ashok said that when encountering general obstacles, the system will use the space division method. When using the space segmentation method, the system marks every pixel in the space as "drivable" and "non-drivable", and then automatically drives the chip to deal with the scene. However, there are some problems with this method.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Marking of objects

First of all, the object pixels marked by the system are in two-dimensional space, and in order to navigate the car in three-dimensional space, the object pixels need to be converted into the corresponding predicted values in three-dimensional space, so that Tesla’s system can establish an interactive physical model and handle the navigation task smoothly.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Marking of objects

However, when the system converts the pixels of an object from a two-dimensional image to a three-dimensional image, it needs to carry out image semantic segmentation (that is, identify the image at the pixel level, that is, label the object category to which each pixel in the image belongs).

This process will produce unnecessary images or unnecessary pixels in the system, and a few pixels on the ground plane of the image can have a great influence, which directly determines how to convert this two-dimensional image into a three-dimensional image. Therefore, Tesla does not want to produce such influential pixels during planning.

In addition, different obstacles need to be judged by different methods.

Generally speaking, the depth value of the object (the distance from the observer’s point of view to the object, which is finally obtained after projection transformation, standardization of equipment coordinates and scaling translation) is commonly used.

In some scenarios, the system can predict obstacles first. In another scene, the system can also detect the depth of the pixels of the image, so each pixel will produce some depth values.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Depth map (right)

However, although the depth map finally generated is very beautiful, only three points are needed when the depth map is used for prediction.

Moreover, when visualizing these three points, although it is ok to look at them at close range, they will also be deformed with the increase of distance, and it is difficult to continue to use these images in the next stage.

For example, walls may be deformed and bent. The objects near the ground level are also determined by fewer points, which makes the system unable to correctly judge obstacles in planning.

Because these depth maps are converted from plane images collected by multiple cameras, it is difficult to produce the same obstacle in the end, and it is also difficult for the system to predict the boundary of the obstacle.

Therefore, Tesla proposed an occupation network scheme to solve this problem.

Second, calculate the space occupancy rate and code the object.

During the speech, Ashok also showed this network occupation scheme by video. He said that as can be seen from the video, in this scheme, the system processes the images captured by eight cameras, then calculates the space occupancy rate of the object, and finally generates a schematic diagram.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ The generated simulated image

Moreover, every time the Tesla car moves, the system network will recalculate the space occupancy rate of the surrounding objects. In addition, the system network will not only calculate the space occupancy of some static objects, such as trees and walls, but also calculate the space occupancy of dynamic objects, including driving cars.

After that, the network outputs the image into a three-dimensional image, and can also predict the occluded object, so even if the car only uploads part of the outline of the object, the user can distinguish the object clearly.

In addition, although the resolution of the images captured by the system is different because of the distance, based on the above scheme, the resolution of the simulated 3D images finally presented is the same.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ The generated images have the same resolution.

This means that the whole scheme runs very efficiently. Ashok said that the computing platform runs for 10 milliseconds, and the system network can run at the rate of 100 Hz, which is even faster than the speed of many cameras recording images.

So, how is this process completed? This requires an understanding of the architecture of the occupation network scheme.

When explaining the architecture of the occupation network scheme, Ashok takes the images taken by Tesla fisheye camera and the left camera as an example, and compares the image correction process between them.

First, the system will stretch the image, then extract the image features, find out whether the points related to the 3D image are occupied, then use the 3D position coding, and then map it to a fixed position, after which the information will be collected in the subsequent calculation.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Conduct preliminary processing on the image.

After that, the system will embed the position of the image space, continue to process the image stream through 3D query, and finally generate 3D occupation features. Because high-dimensional occupation features are generated, it is difficult to perform this operation at every point in the space. Therefore, the system will generate these high-dimensional features in lower dimensions, such as using typical up-sampling technology to generate high-dimensional space occupancy.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Calculate the space occupancy of objects.

Interestingly, Ashok revealed in his speech that this occupation network scheme was only used to deal with static objects, but in the end it was found that it was difficult to deal with only static trees, and the system also encountered many difficulties when it first began to distinguish between "true and false pedestrians".

But the team finally found that no matter whether these obstacles are moving or static, the system only needs to be able to avoid them in the end.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ True and false pedestrians

Therefore, the occupation network scheme no longer distinguishes between dynamic obstacles and static obstacles, but uses other classifications to deal with them and calculate the instantaneous space occupancy rate of objects, but this is not enough to ensure that Tesla cars can drive safely.

Because if only the instantaneous space occupancy rate is calculated, it is not reasonable for Tesla to meet a car while driving at high speed and then start to slow down. The system wants to know more about the space occupancy rate of this car at different times and the changes.

In this way, the system can predict when the car will leave. Therefore, the scheme also involves predicting the occupied flow.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Calculation process of occupied flow

The data of occupancy flow can be the first and higher derivative of space occupancy or time, and it can also provide more accurate control and unify them in the same coordinate system. The system will use the same method to generate space occupancy and occupancy flow, which will also provide strong protection against various obstacles.

Third, the type of obstacle is not important. The system can avoid collision.

Ashok also said that conventional motion or mobile networks can’t judge the type of object, such as whether it is a static object or a moving vehicle.

However, from the control level, the type of objects is actually not important, and the network occupation scheme provides good protection to prevent the network from classification difficulties.

Because no matter what the obstacle is, the system will think that this part of the space is occupied and move at a certain speed. Some special types of vehicles may have strange protrusions, which are difficult to model with traditional technology. The system will use cubes or other polygons to represent moving objects.

In this way, the object can be squeezed at will, and this occupying method does not need complex grid topology modeling.

When the vehicle is turning unprotected or protected, geometric information can be used to infer the occlusion situation. Geometric information should not only infer the information recognized by the vehicle camera, but also infer the unrecognized information.

For example, when a car is making an unprotected turn, there is a fork in the road ahead, and there may be potential vehicles blocked by trees and road signs, so the car "knows" that it can’t see the vehicles from these obstructions. Based on different control strategies, cars can ask questions and eliminate this occlusion.

Therefore, for a stationary object, the car can recognize when it becomes visible while driving. Because there is a complete three-dimensional obstacle, the car can also predict what distance it will hit this object, and then the system will identify and pass this blocked object through smooth control.

Therefore, the occupy network scheme helps to improve the control stack in many different ways. This scheme is an extension of the nerve radiation field, and the nerve radiation field (NeRf) has largely taken over the research of computer vision in the past few years.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Schematic diagram of the association between Nerf and occupied network

NeRf is an image reconstruction scene in a single scene or a single location, which is reconstructed from a point in a single location.

Ashok said that when Tesla’s vehicles are driving, the images received in the background processing are more accurate, so it is possible to generate cross-time and accurate image routes, and generate more accurate 3D reconstruction through the NeRf model and 3D state differential rendering images.

There is a problem with the images in the real world-we will see a lot of unreal or different scenes in the real world.

For example, the glare of the sun or the dirt or dust on the windshield will change due to the diffraction of light, or raindrops will further distort the propagation of light and eventually produce artifacts.

The way to improve the robustness is to use higher-level descriptors, but these descriptors will not change the local lighting artifacts (such as glare) to a certain extent.

Because RGB (color system) images may be very noisy, adding descriptors on RGB can provide a layer of semantic protection to prevent the change of RGB values. Therefore, Tesla’s goal is to use this method to occupy the network solution.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Descriptors are more robust than RGB.

Because the network occupation scheme needs to generate space occupancy in several shots, it cannot run a complete neural optimization in the car, but the neural optimization can be reduced to run in the background, ensuring that the space occupancy generated by it can explain the images of all sensors received by the car when it is running.

In addition, descriptors can also be superimposed during training to produce good supervision for these networks; At the same time, different sensor data can be differentiated to monitor the images held.

At present, Tesla has a network to reduce obstacles. The next step is to avoid any collision. Autopilot already has many safety functions.

Then, Ashok showed three videos of Autopilot starting to avoid collision.

The collision accident here refers to the collision accident caused by the driver accidentally stepping on the accelerator pedal as a brake pedal.

Ashok means that when the driver accidentally uses the accelerator as a brake, the car will accelerate and cause a collision, but the car will recognize and automatically stop the acceleration and automatically brake to prevent the collision.

In the first video, Ashock said that if Autopilot didn’t start and stopped the car from accelerating, the driver in the video would probably fall into the river.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Tesla AP starts to avoid the car falling into the river.

Similarly, the second video shows that a Tesla driver mistakenly stepped on the accelerator while parking, but Autopilot quickly started and prevented the car from hitting shops and pedestrians.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Tesla AP starts to avoid the car hitting the store.

Fourth, automatically plan the path through the occupied vehicle.

However, it may take several seconds or even minutes for the car to brake and stop smoothly, and there may not be enough time to identify obstacles and calculate when the car is driving.

So we should use neural network to achieve this goal; Especially recently, there have been more complicated hidden scenes. What Tesla’s autonomous driving team has to do is to get the space occupancy rate from the previous network.

First, the space occupancy rate should be coded into a super-compressed MLP. In essence, this MLP is an implicit representation of whether collision can be avoided in any specific query state, and this collision avoidance method provides some guarantees in a certain time range. For example, collisions can be avoided in 2 seconds or 4 seconds or within a certain time range.

Ashok gives another example here. He gives a top-down road. Black pixels are obstacles, gray pixels are roads and white pixels are road lanes. In the top view of this three-dimensional space, the car can be placed at any pixel position to simulate whether the collision can be avoided.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Schematic diagram of vehicle driving situation

He said: "If you think of the car as a single point and the period of avoiding collision is set to an instant, then whether there will be a collision at the current time depends only on the position of the obstacle; But the problem is that the car is not a point, it has a rectangular shape and can also turn. "

Therefore, only when the shape is convolved with the obstacle can we immediately know whether the car is in a collision state.

As the car turns (or rotates out of control), the collision field will change. Green means that the car is in a safe position without collision, and red means collision, so when the car rotates, there are more collision positions; But when the car position is aligned, the green position expands, which means that the car will not collide.

On the whole, Ashok shows how to use multiple camera videos and products to generate dense space occupation rate and occupation flow. Through space occupation rate, an effective collision avoidance field can be generated through neural network, that is, vehicles can "see" through the camera and, according to experience, pass through the road with appropriate speed and direction.

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Implicit neural network for collision avoidance.

Ashok also shared an experiment in a simulated environment. The driver stepped on the accelerator to accelerate and there was no steering behavior. The car monitored that there would be a collision and planned a path to make the car pass safely.

Ashok said at the end of his speech that if they can successfully implement all the above technologies, they can produce a car that will never crash.

Obviously, this work has not been completed. In his last PPT, Ashok actively invited engineers to join Tesla and build a car that will never crash!

Tesla wants to kill "brake failure"

▲ Ashok Elluswamy welcomes more talents to join Tesla.

Conclusion: Tesla continues to explore autonomous driving.

Since Tesla’s self-driving technology with fire, a large number of followers have emerged on the self-driving track. But it must be said that Tesla is still at the forefront of the industry and constantly explores new methods of autonomous driving.

The person in charge of the Tesla Autopilot project brought new technical interpretations, and also showed us the highlights of Tesla’s future autonomous driving technology in advance to some extent. With Tesla’s spirit of continuous exploration, its autonomous driving will continue to lead the entire automobile market.

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Hebei： launching new infrastructure, they are fighting on the construction site.

Since the outbreak of the epidemic, the construction of new infrastructure has provided strong support for ensuring the normal operation of people’s production and life. On March 4th, the CPC held a meeting in Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, proposing to speed up the construction of new infrastructure such as 5G network and data center. The investment and construction of new infrastructure such as 5G network, UHV and data center in Hebei Province also press the "fast forward button".

Recently, the reporter visited the construction sites of some new infrastructure projects in Hebei Province and saw a scene of fiery construction.

The staff of Hebei Power Transmission and Transformation Company carried out tower construction in Zhangbei-Xiong ‘an 1000 kV UHV AC power transmission and transformation project (Hebei section). Correspondent Yang Shaozhen photo

Co-construction and sharing to accelerate the realization of 5G network coverage

Recently, at the site of Shijiazhuang Unicom Botanical Garden, Wu Weijian completed the 5G coverage project of the site in half a day. "The downlink rate is 776.17 trillion per second, the uplink rate is 76.97 trillion per second, and the delay is less than 30 milliseconds, which is up to standard!" After seeing the test results on the mobile phone, Wu Weijian forgot to rest, quickly sorted out the construction site and hurried to the next Red Star Garden station to be built.

Wu Weijian is an employee of Shijiazhuang Unicom’s network department. In the past few days, he went to work at the construction site at 7: 00 a.m. every day, and then went to the construction site at 18: 00, and then went back to the unit to sort out the engineering data and make the construction plan for the next day.

"Although it’s a little harder now, it’s glorious to think that it’s to let people use the 5G network earlier!" Wu Jianwei said.

As the epidemic prevention and control continues to improve, Hebei Unicom actively organizes the resumption of work and production, speeds up and grabs progress, optimizes and adjusts the 5G construction plan, and accelerates the realization of 5G network coverage. According to the joint planning scheme of the province’s 5G base stations determined by Hebei Unicom and Hebei Telecom this year, the two sides will complete 5G network coverage in the urban areas and important counties of the province.

"The prevention and control of the epidemic situation has had a certain impact on our construction progress. Fortunately, China Unicom and China Telecom have launched a 5G network co-construction and sharing mechanism to jointly promote the deployment of 5G networks." The relevant person in charge of Hebei Unicom said that the biggest benefit of co-construction and sharing is to reduce the construction cost and accelerate the construction speed. At present, Hebei Unicom is organizing the construction of a 5G base station in Shijiazhuang, and the network coverage in the urban area will be completed in the first half of the year. The whole province will achieve 5G coverage in the urban area during the National Day.

According to reports, co-construction and sharing need to coordinate the base station site, computer room, transmission and other resources of the two operators, which increases the workload to some extent. "Since the resumption of work, Hebei Unicom and Hebei Telecom have held relevant meetings on this and increased the coordination of specific issues." According to the relevant person in charge of Hebei Unicom, at present, the two sides have completed 30% of the site survey work, and this work will be fully accelerated in the future. It is planned to complete the relevant work in the first half of the year to promote the close cooperation between the two sides.

The staff of Hebei Power Transmission and Transformation Company inspected the tools and instruments at the tower construction site of Zhangbei-Xiong ‘an 1000 kV high-voltage AC power transmission and transformation project (Hebei section). Correspondent Wang Yulin photo

Optimize the process to ensure the progress of UHV construction

On March 30th, in Huangshan Village, Lingyunce Township, Yixian County, Baoding City, the construction site of the 1000 kV Zhangbei-Xiong ‘an UHV AC project of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company, from the low-altitude hoisting of 25-ton cranes to the high-altitude operation of 75-ton and 350-ton cranes, cranes with different tonnage alternately operated, and the whole tower assembly work was orderly.

"The most obvious difference between UHV and general engineering is that the tower body is large and the components are heavy. The total height of the base tower is 131.5 meters, and the tower weighs 192.1 tons. The single tower is two tons light and more than seven tons heavy. By using the crane assembly line, a foundation tower can be assembled in 13 days, which saves 5 days compared with the previous tower assembly. " Feng Li, head of Hebei power transmission and transformation site in charge of construction, said.

Zhangbei-Xiong ‘an UHV AC project is an important part of the UHV AC power grid planned and constructed by State Grid Corporation of China, and it is an UHV power transmission channel for Zhangbei new energy delivery. After the completion of the project, it will meet the load development needs of Hebei Southern Power Grid and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Power Grid, create conditions for xiong’an new area to achieve 100% clean power supply, and help the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. According to the plan, the project will be completed on July 20.

According to reports, because some tower numbers of the project are distributed in mountainous areas, the construction environment is complex and the weather is changeable. At the same time, due to the epidemic situation, it is more difficult to assemble towers. In order to complete the project on schedule, the construction party strictly implemented epidemic prevention and control measures on the one hand, and on the other hand, by optimizing the operation process and cooperating with each working procedure and type of work, the tower assembly and stringing were carried out simultaneously and promoted synchronously.

The overall construction of each process on the construction site brings great pressure to the on-site safety control. How to promote the project efficiently and ensure the construction safety? Feng Li innovatively applied Internet technology to develop a comprehensive monitoring system for tower assembly, which can fully understand the changes of environmental factors such as wind speed, dust and noise at the scene before the system operation desk, and can remotely monitor, command, check and confirm the release, and correct violations in real time, thus realizing the safety and efficiency of power grid construction.

"I am very proud to participate in the project construction and contribute to the construction of xiong’an new area. We must do a good job in on-site control, optimize the operation process, and ensure the safe, high-quality and efficient completion of the project. " Feng Li is full of confidence.

Go all out to ensure the safe and stable operation of the data center

Frequent shuttle between the computer room and the construction site, working nearly 15 hours a day on average … This is the working state of Fu Xulun and his colleagues in the past two months. During the epidemic prevention and control period, as the person in charge of the data center of China Mobile (Baoding, Hebei), Fu Xulun was under great pressure to ensure the normal operation of the data center in the case of shortage of manpower and materials.

China Mobile (Baoding, Hebei) data center was put into operation in October 2017, which is an important part of the strategic layout of China Mobile’s national data center. At present, the data center has settled in Baidu, Ali and other Internet companies.

Affected by the epidemic, schools in Hebei Province have implemented online classes, many enterprises have telecommuted, online shopping has also increased, and the workload of data centers has surged.

In February, in order to meet the online education needs of primary and secondary school students, Hebei Mobile urgently expanded the "cloud video" system. In the case of shortage of facilities and personnel, Fu Xulun and his colleagues mobilized all materials and mobilized all forces to overcome difficulties. They worked continuously for three days and nights, and finally completed the hardware installation and software integration of the "cloud video" system to ensure the smooth online of the system. According to the normal construction progress, it will take at least half a month to complete this work.

Internet companies such as Baidu and Ali, which have settled in data centers, are facing a huge impact on the bandwidth of Internet companies due to the increase in online cloud classrooms and other applications, and the network traffic has increased significantly. In order to ensure the smooth flow of the network, Fu Xulun and his colleagues worked out an emergency plan, and completed the docking of the bandwidth access plan, hardware construction, software debugging and other work of Internet companies in just one day, which met nearly 20% of the traffic demand of Internet companies and ensured the various network application needs of netizens at home.

In the past few days, it has been normal for employees in the data center to call it a day at 10 pm. Fu Xulun said that the construction and operation of the data center involves all aspects of work and has a large workload. During the epidemic prevention and control period, they need to go all out to ensure the safe operation of the data center.

"The work is a little busy, but the inner feelings are more full of sense of accomplishment." Fu Xulun said that new infrastructure is being strongly supported from the national level to the local level. In the future, video communication and driverless driving will all show explosive growth, and people’s lives and work will also usher in great changes. They have also increased their investment in the overall supply of data centers. At present, they are stepping up the construction of the 5G core network, which will be officially put into use in mid-April according to the established plan. Seeing that the project is drawing to a close, they think that they can contribute to the national communication construction. Their hearts are warm and happy.

It is understood that Hebei Mobile actively promotes business transformation, continuously improves the construction of communication information infrastructure, and actively deploys in the fields of mobile Internet, cloud computing, big data and Internet of Things. At present, Baoding Data Center, Langfang Data Center and Shijiazhuang Data Center have been built to effectively support the development of Internet data centers, cloud computing and other businesses. This year, the external power expansion of Baoding data center, Langfang data center and Shijiazhuang data center and the supporting renovation project of computer room will be carried out as needed. At the same time, promote the land acquisition and construction of Zhangjiakou data center. (Reporter Fang Suju)

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Jiujiang, Jiangxi： Responding to the ＂Wheel War＂ of Heavy Rainfall

　　China Meteorological News correspondent Huang Lan reporter Deng Minjia

　　Since the beginning of July, Meiyu front has been wandering in the Yangtze River basin. Affected by it, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province experienced several rounds of heavy rainfall. The water levels in Jiujiang section of the Yangtze River, Xingzi Station of Poyang Lake and Yongxiu section of Xiuhe River exceeded the police in an all-round way, and the meteorological service in Jiujiang City entered a critical moment in flood season.

　　On the radar echo map, the long and narrow rain belt lingered over Jiujiang for a long time and refused to disperse. At 8 o’clock on the evening of July 7, the expected rainstorm hit unscrupulously, and a "tug-of-war" between meteorologists and heavy rain began nervously.

　　Half an hour later, the rain increased instead of decreasing, and the heavy rain was heavily slapped on the glass window of the duty room with lightning and thunder. "50 mm, the next 3 hours must be more than 100 mm! Please upgrade the orange warning in Hukou and Duchang, and continue to pay attention to preparing to upgrade the red warning. "

　　At 3: 30am on the 8th, Mei Ting, the forecaster of the Municipal Meteorological Observatory, was busy giving guidance to the county bureaus in the WeChat working group of Jiujiang Forecast, Early Warning and Joint Defense.

　　"Hukou issued a red rainstorm warning!" "Duchang issued a red rainstorm warning!" "Peng Ze issued a red rainstorm warning!" "Lushan issued a red rainstorm warning!" ….. At about 5 o’clock, the red rainstorm warning broke the silence of the city.

　　At 6: 50, the meteorological department of the city entered the second-level emergency response state. And this is only three or four days away from the three-level emergency response to the rainstorm at 11: 30 on July 5 and the four-level emergency response to the rainstorm at 8: 00 on July 4!

　　With the distribution of meteorological disaster prevention service materials for the deployment of heavy precipitation weather process to all member units, a series of early warning information was quickly transmitted to the mobile phones of flood control leaders and thousands of information officers, and a rainstorm information network was quickly spread among cities, towns and villages.

　　The relevant units moved when they heard of the flood. The Municipal Flood Control Office immediately started the preparations for mass transfer, the Municipal Disaster Reduction Committee successively started the early warning response of municipal disaster relief, the Municipal Transportation Bureau implemented traffic control at the important sections of the college entrance examination center, the Municipal Education Bureau issued an emergency notice of suspension of classes, and the municipal departments did a good job in investigating the hidden dangers of disaster-prone points in advance, clearing and dredging drainage ditches, and closely monitoring the hidden dangers of geological disasters … All departments in the city entered the state of emergency preparedness for storm prevention and took measures to deal with them calmly.

　　"Fortunately, I received the meteorological service information of the college entrance examination issued by the meteorological department, and prepared umbrellas, rain boots and spare clothes for my children. We also received the college entrance examination English listening forecast service from the Meteorological Observatory. Such a fine service is really intimate and must be praised! " A candidate’s parents left a message in the hotline column of Jiujiang traffic radio party style and political style.

　　"After receiving the early warning information from the Meteorological Bureau, we organized village cadres to rush to the village to start the persuasion and transfer of residents." Wang Fan, secretary of Nankeng Village, Jiangshang Township, Yongxiu County, said, "After the heavy rain, several houses built on the mountain were crushed by landslides, but there were no casualties due to timely evacuation."

　　As of July 9, Yunshan Reservoir in Yongxiu County increased the opening height of spillway gate to 220 cm, further increasing the discharge flow and ensuring the safety of flood season.

　　(Source: China Meteorological News, July 17, 2020 Second Edition Editor: Zhang Lin)

标签归档南京夜生活

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Jiujiang, Jiangxi： Responding to the ＂Wheel War＂ of Heavy Rainfall

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