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The scorching summer has come, and other creatures on the earth are also suffering from high temperature besides human beings. You may not realize that the ingredients that are about to become delicious food in your mouth are also in danger of "heatstroke". For example, refreshing coffee, cool orange juice and sweet chocolate. The book "The Earth Doesn’t Care: The Table Destroyed by Climate Change" shows readers an unknown global food picture, and those foods that we are used to may become increasingly scarce in the future.　

The earth doesn’t care: the dining table destroyed by climate change

Coffee that continues to reduce production.

Since 2010, the global coffee bean production has been declining, because the main coffee producing areas are located in Africa and Brazil, where the temperature is rising, especially the temperature difference between day and night is getting smaller and smaller, which directly affects the growth of coffee trees, and coffee gardens have to move to higher altitudes.

Some studies have predicted that Arabica coffee, the queen of coffee today, will be severely hit in the future. The optimal growth temperature of this coffee bean is between 18 and 24 degrees Celsius. If the temperature exceeds 30 degrees Celsius for a long time, its growth will stagnate.

Arabica coffee

In addition, there are more and more extreme climates. The high temperature scorches the coffee leaves, and the rising air humidity will cause more pests and diseases, such as a terrible fungus, Camellia sinensis. These effects not only reduce the yield of coffee beans, but also increase the price of coffee.

The book points out that if you want to continue drinking coffee, you need to change the coffee planting system. For example, choosing a coffee tree species that is more adaptable to changes requires farmers to pull out the old varieties of coffee trees. Some professors joked that "it is not so simple as separating a man from his wife".

For another example, coffee farmers should learn more sustainable planting methods, including improving soil, mixed planting, setting up cooperatives and so on. However, the change of agricultural production can not be achieved overnight, and it needs long-term experience accumulation, but also needs various considerations of social economy. I am afraid that the progress of human-made change can not keep up with the speed of environmental change.

Therefore, the author still pessimistically points out that in the future, only those who can still afford high-priced coffee can casually promise "Let’s have a cup of coffee!" For ordinary people, one day in the future, they may have to give up the leisure hobby of coffee.

Oranges plagued by plague

80% of the concentrated orange juice in the world comes from Brazil. However, a plague, Huanglongbing, broke out in orange plantations in Brazil. For oranges, Huanglongbing is just like Covid-19’s threat to human beings. The plague has swept the world, and it is constantly mutating in the process of spreading. According to FAO data, Huanglongbing has destroyed more than 100 million orange trees worldwide.

Citrus trees with Huanglongbing disease

The pathogen of Huanglongbing first lived in the hot environment of Asia, and was first discovered by farmers in Chaozhou, China hundreds of years ago. In 1965, the pathogen was found in southern Africa. Two years later, experts found its trace in the Philippines, and the pathogen and citrus psyllid combined to form a more harmful disease. In 2004, the disease also appeared in Brazil, and a new bacterial variety was produced, which began to sweep the whole America.

This plague will spread from orange tree to orange tree. When they are infected, they will give off the fragrance of methyl salicylate, attract a large number of psyllids, and further spread the disease. The researchers pointed out that with the increase of temperature, the reproduction speed of psyllid can be increased from 4 generations to 8 generations per year.

Huanglongbing not only leads to the decline of orange yield, but also makes the taste of fruit sour. In other words, orange juice is not as good as it used to be, and the composition of juice must be redesigned. This has brought new challenges to the orange juice industry.

Like human beings, solving the plague problem requires a high cost. In fact, except oranges, many crops are facing the same disease disaster problem. It is also mentioned in the book that vineyards in Europe are being harmed by a fruit fly, and olive trees are also being harmed by another fruit fly.

More and more "luxury" chocolate

Cocoa trees generally grow between 20 degrees north latitude and 20 degrees south latitude. Cocoa beans produced in C? te d ‘Ivoire and Ghana in western Africa meet the demand of two-thirds of the world cocoa bean market. With the climate change, the local rainfall is getting less and less, and cocoa trees can’t stand the long-term high temperature and dry climate. The optimum growth temperature of cocoa trees is 21-32 degrees Celsius, which can withstand the high temperature of 36 degrees Celsius for a short time. Once the temperature is exceeded for too long, the cocoa trees will suffer from "heatstroke". If there is not enough water to cool down, their own circulation system will soon collapse.

cacao tree

According to the research report "Vulnerability of Cocoa Trees in West Africa to Climate Change", the whole West Africa cocoa will be brought to the middle of the 21st century, and 50% of the planting area will disappear due to high temperature and heat. In 2016, The Wall Street Journal speculated that the chocolate industry had invested about $1 billion to develop measures to deal with climate change.

Edward George, an agricultural expert, said: "Maybe one day, chocolate will really become a luxury like champagne in Europe, and it is no longer something that ordinary people like us can easily imagine."

In fact, like coffee trees, orange trees and cocoa trees, most agricultural products planted by human beings are facing the same dilemma, with less and less water resources, more and more harsh living conditions for plants and more and more pests and diseases. At the same time, the global population is still growing, and the demand for food is increasing. In the future when climate change is getting worse, it may become more and more difficult for human beings to fill their stomachs.

Casino dice

In order to solve the food problem, we must have a deep understanding of the most serious problem facing mankind-climate change. However, in the view of William .Nordhaus, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2018, the agricultural problems concerned in The Earth Doesn’t Care: The Table Destroyed by Climate Change are still controlled systems under the influence of climate change, which can be solved by scientific and technological means. That is to say, it is still possible to make crops grow in a completely artificial environment, and of course the cost will be high.

Global warming, storm sea level rise.

Nordhaus classified the impacts of climate change into two categories, and the uncontrolled system is more terrible than the controlled system. Uncontrolled systems include sea level rise, ocean acidification, the intensification of hurricanes and the loss of ecosystems, and their operation is basically free from human intervention. Take ocean acidification as an example. Although some people still question global warming, there is basically no debate about ocean acidification, because it can be verified by simply measuring pH value. Ocean acidification will seriously affect fisheries, and oysters, corals, plankton and shellfish will be affected. Scientists’ research on this topic first appeared in 2004, and it is still in the initial research stage, so no solution has been put forward.

In the public’s cognition, climate change is still too far away. Although extreme weather such as high temperature, drought and rainstorm are becoming more and more frequent, the public still can’t directly understand the impact of climate change on themselves. Some people even think that natural scientists pay too much attention to environmental protection and fail to consider the needs of economic and social development.

Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty and Economics of Global Warming

If you feel the same way, nordhaus’s "Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty and Economics of Global Warming" will give you a new perspective to understand climate change. As the author’s metaphor in the title of this book shows, human beings are entering the "climate casino" and throwing some climate dice, some of which may be dangerous. So, what can gamblers do in casinos? First of all, we need to know the consequences of different dice to help us get out of the casino safely.

How much will it cost to mitigate climate change?

This popular science book introduces the economic policies to deal with climate change. The most important thing is that the author always discusses the possible economic impact of climate change from the perspective of "cost and benefit", so that readers can understand that climate change is actually an economic problem.

Nordhaus believes that there are three main ways to deal with the threat of climate change.

The first method is adaptation, which means that we should learn to cope with the warming world, not stop it. This method is highly praised by people who think that climate change is negligible. But the problem is that the economic cost of adaptation is not low. If the investment in agricultural facilities is acceptable, then the investment in dealing with sea level rise may be astronomical. Therefore, the general view of experts at present is that adaptation is local and prevention is global.

The second method is geo-engineering, which is generally divided into two categories. The first category is the technology of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and the second category is the solar radiation management technology that reflects sunlight and heat back into space. But the problem is that geoengineering can not completely offset the greenhouse effect on the technical level; On the implementation level, geo-engineering is a double-edged sword, which has a certain constructive role, but at the same time it is potentially destructive. It can be used in good faith or for malicious destruction. Therefore, the author believes that geo-engineering is similar to what doctors call "rescue therapy" and can only be used when other schemes fail.

The third method is to slow down (prevent) climate change, that is, to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce its atmospheric concentration. This is the focus of current global consultations, and it is the safest solution from the environmental point of view. The author thinks that although it is the most expensive to slow down climate change in the short term, it is actually the most economical way in the long term.

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Through the calculation of economic model, nordhaus found that if we live in an ideal world-all countries in this world coordinate and jointly launch emission reduction measures, earnestly ensure that all countries and departments participate, and act in a timely and efficient manner. Then, it is feasible to achieve the goal of "2-degree temperature rise ceiling" proposed by Copenhagen agreement, and it only needs to spend 1%-2% of the world’s total income every year.

However, such a world does not exist. Because "reliable and correct, it may not be popular and realized, and even in reality, it will be fiercely resisted."

Through the economic model, nordhaus found that if only half of the countries participated in the efforts, it would not only be much more expensive, but also impossible. In addition, inefficient control or methods will also double the cost. Therefore, mankind still needs to strive to develop more efficient technologies, design social mechanisms to promote economic efficiency and high participation rate, and provide help to poor countries with limited resources. Finally, we may need to adjust our goals so that they can be achieved.

Obviously, the goal of the upper limit of 1.5 degrees has become increasingly difficult to achieve. On May 17th this year, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released the latest report, saying that the global temperature may rise to a record high in the next five years, and it is very likely that it will briefly break through the threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius, one of the key indicators of global warming stipulated in the Paris Agreement.

How much do you have to pay for carbon emissions?

See here, you should probably understand why many countries have put forward the goal of carbon neutrality, and China also put forward the goal of "carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions in 2030 and in 2060" in 2021. You may also understand that what so many international climate conferences are discussing is actually urging all countries to make commitments and take practical actions. Because this is the only choice for mankind at present.

So, for ordinary people, what do you have to pay for it?

On the economic level, nordhaus proposed two ways, one is carbon tax, and the other is carbon trading. Simply put, it is to set a price for carbon emissions, and then let enterprises or consumers pay for it in different ways. In fact, this has already appeared in our daily life, such as the familiar fuel tax. He pointed out that even the most conservative economists support carbon tax as the most efficient way to slow down global warming.

However, in the policies of different countries, nordhaus believes that many control policies are inefficient or ineffective, with little impact, but they need to spend huge costs. For example, subsidies for green technologies provide financial incentives for solar energy and hybrid vehicles. Nordhaus raised his own question, why should we subsidize hybrid cars instead of bicycles? Subsidies are not the solution. It is much more practical to punish carbon emissions than subsidies.

Another thing to note is "energy-cost shortsightedness", that is, we may buy cars with lower initial cost in order to save money now, and underestimate the energy saved in the future. Failure to make the most economical decision is a common feature of human behavior, and human shortsightedness can only see immediate interests. To put it mildly, this is why some low-carbon behaviors are difficult to promote; To put it bluntly, this is the reason why human beings have come to this situation today.

Don’t be a slave to money.

Looking at climate change from an economic perspective will make the analysis and discussion more rational, and of course it will ignore other important contents. After all, money can’t solve all problems. Capitalism in Lishan: Don’t be a slave of money, be a master of Lishan with peace of mind, which is a collection of cases that can broaden one’s horizons and provide innovative solutions.

Capitalism in Lishan: Don’t Be a Slave of Money, Be a Secure Master of Lishan.

This book is based on a series of investigation reports produced by NHK after the 311 earthquake in Japan. They found some alternative economic models and coined the term "Rishan Capitalism" together with the economist Hirosuke Noguchi.

They believe that "money capitalism" is built on the premise that the circulation of funds determines everything, while "Lishan capitalism" quietly establishes a subsystem that does not depend on money next to "money capitalism", allowing people to continuously obtain water, food and fuel when they have no money. Because what people need to survive is water, food and fuel, not just money.

"Lishan capitalism" is a reflection on natural disasters that human beings can’t cope with, and it is also a reflection on the global economic system. The place was originally only a part of the global economic industrial chain, and even a party eliminated by fierce competition. If we can get rid of the inertia thinking mode of "money capitalism", re-examine the local resources and advantages, and even look at the existing problems with reverse thinking, we may find new treasures. The book introduces some interesting cases of "turning waste into treasure".

Energy revolution town

Zhenting City, Okayama Prefecture has carried out the most advanced energy revolution in Japan. The local economy is supported by forestry and wood processing industry. At the end of 1997, the local wood processing factory began to use sawdust to generate electricity, which was called "woody biomass power generation". Sawdust was originally the production waste of the factory, and it needs to be treated as industrial waste, which costs a lot of money. However, since the start of power generation, the power consumption of the factory has been almost 100% dependent on biomass power generation, which has also saved the power consumption cost, which is a typical innovation of turning waste into treasure.

Because of the excessive sawdust waste, the local factory thought of a new use, pressing it into "wood particles" and becoming a new fuel, which can be used by local families and agricultural boilers. Since then, this small town has begun to build a biomass industry and ushered in economic recovery.

In 2022, the European Parliament continued to recognize "original woody biomass" as renewable energy. In fact, Austria is the most advanced country in "power generation from woody biomass". The author of this book also went to Austria for an interview and found that, like Zhenting, a small town in Japan, energy conversion not only solved the energy problem, improved the energy self-sufficiency rate, but also promoted the local economic regeneration and even enhanced national security.

Overcome the lack of society

Aging and declining birthrate are making Japan a "society without opportunities", that is, a society in which people lose contact. There are many vacant houses and elderly people in Zhuangyuan City, Hiroshima Prefecture. The local "Overpopulation Inversion Association" is conducting some welfare experiments on how to turn the problem into resources. They believe that "the disadvantage is not a defect but a treasure chest". Community currency is an interesting attempt.

The staff of the "Overpopulation Inversion Association" heard when chatting with some day-care elderly people that some elderly people like to grow vegetables at home, and they can be self-sufficient, and there will be many vegetables left rotting in the ground, which makes the elderly feel very distressed. So they thought of a way. All the ingredients in the local welfare homes are purchased from foreign real estate. If you buy the dishes of the elderly in the form of community currency, it will not reduce food waste. In the end, the welfare home bought the dishes for the elderly at half the market price, and the elderly could pay for day care with community currency, achieving a win-win situation.

Later, a local restaurant that can use community currency was opened, and a nursery park was opened next to it. The ingredients in the restaurant come from the vegetable garden of the local elderly, and the staff is the mother who is raising children. After sending the children, they can start working. Old people can have lunch in the restaurant or play with the children in the nursery.

Community currency returns to the original function of currency-exchange value, and at the same time undertakes the function of rebuilding local interpersonal connection. People can exchange and communicate with resources and skills that cannot enter the market, especially those who are usually considered as the weak in society, including the elderly, the disabled and housewives.

summarize

In the economic model of Nobel Prize economist nordhaus, we understand why we should reduce carbon emissions to deal with climate change, because it is the only rational choice for human beings. Only along this road, those foods we love can last longer. However, this road is full of thorns, because many problems of "money capitalism" have accumulated. At this time, we need to change some ways of thinking, just like the solution of "Lishan capitalism".

"The insurance premium of Lishan capitalism is not money, but to act and prepare for the matter itself."

For ordinary people, climate change is a problem that we can’t solve with money, but we can use "action and preparation" to win more insurance for ourselves. Preparation comes from our understanding of climate change; Action comes from the change of our daily behavior.

People share the food on the table.

In a recent sustainable food workshop, I shared some information about endangered foods with the participants. I just told them which foods might disappear, and I didn’t have time to introduce the story "The Earth doesn’t care: the table destroyed by climate change" in detail. Even so, when people know that coffee and chocolate may become increasingly scarce, they have shown their frustration that happiness will be deprived.

Perhaps such depression is the seed of "action and preparation". In the face of an uncertain future, we cannot underestimate the impact of climate change, nor can we underestimate the potential of individual action.

Source: Oriental IC

The average monthly traffic consumption value of mobile users in China exceeds 15GB/ household!

Recently, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology published "Economic Operation of Communication Industry from January to August 2022". In addition to the data of average traffic consumption per household that surprised many people, there are still some phenomena beyond the usual cognition of the public: the per capita traffic consumption in economically developed areas has been far behind by Tibet, Qinghai and other provinces (autonomous regions).

In August this year, the national average household traffic data showed that Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hainan and Yunnan ranked in the top five, and the average household mobile Internet access traffic in that month exceeded 20GB.

Who is averaging my traffic? Why is the traffic consumption capacity of users in Tibet and other provinces so strong? Why is the phenomenon of traffic consumption upside down in economically developed and underdeveloped areas?

Inner Mongolia man uses 80GB of traffic a month.

Growing up on horseback in pastoral areas, how did the Inner Mongolia man who likes off-road vehicles use up 80GB of traffic in a month?

Brian Manduhu’s answer is simple: "Brush Tik Tok".

Buren Manduhu, who lives in Wulagai grassland, is an avid user of Tik Tok, and basically "brushes whenever he has leisure". According to his mobile phone data traffic statistics, Tik Tok’s data consumption is 273GB, and the second-ranked WeChat is only 22GB.

Usually, the external use is traffic. "There are still many places in pastoral areas where there is no cell phone signal, but there are special operators in Mongolian yurts to install Wi-Fi for us."

Buren Manduhu’s parents are traditional Mongolian herders, who live in pastoral areas all the year round. When they go out to graze, they often don’t have a cell phone signal. When they return to the Mongolian yurt home, they only have a Wi-Fi signal. "When they come back from herding sheep, they will play poker on WeChat with their mobile phones for recreation, and only occasionally brush Tik Tok."

In fact, Buren Manduhu is not the mainstream in Inner Mongolia. Buren Manduhu told the IT Times reporter that most local people, including himself, use directional traffic cards recommended by telecom operators, and the mobile traffic of more than 80 GB a month is only in the early days of 100 yuan, while installing broadband and Wi-Fi in yurts requires a one-time installation fee and a one-year network fee in 800 yuan.

Compared with his parents, the young Buren Manduhu is more "fashionable" in the use of traffic. He also tried to shoot some different types of videos to upload to Tik Tok, including grassland cross-country and daily life records. Among them, the video of shooting his pony gained more than 2,000 praises.

The vibrato video released by Buren Manduhu

Young netizens in Tibet love to brush WeChat and short videos.

If the story of Buren Manduhu is a case, it is no accident that the traffic usage in Tibet has been far ahead since the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology began to disclose the traffic of mobile Internet access in various places in May 2020.

According to a questionnaire completed by IT Times, nearly half of the 45 young netizens in Tibet who participated in the survey used more than 20GB of traffic every month, and the scenes that used the most traffic were social apps such as WeChat, online classes and short videos.

Mumu (pseudonym), who teaches in Lhasa School, said that her monthly 40GB mobile phone package traffic is very tight. Because the Wi-Fi signal in her residence is not very good, she often uses mobile phone traffic, and the traffic will be tight at the end of each month.

Compared with teachers, students are more dependent on mobile phone traffic. Mumu recalled an online class, and some students didn’t arrive at the roll call stage. Finally, through the contact of the monitor, it was discovered that the students lived in a relatively remote area, and after the rain and snow weather in the local area, the network was prone to failure, so mobile phone traffic was also an important way for many students to take online classes.

Mumu noticed that Tibetan students, like young people all over the country, have a high degree of acceptance of new things, and they also like to brush their mobile phones."there are hundreds of GB of traffic used in a month."

Network infrastructure is not inferior.

Zhang Chi (net name: Occam Razor), a well-known expert in communication industry, explained this article.Tibet received more than 40 million domestic and foreign tourists throughout the year. Tourists don’t have Wi-Fi, and a lot of mobile phone traffic is used to share videos and photos, which are counted in the total traffic in Tibet.. TMT analyst Fu Liang also said that in 2021, the growth rate of mobile Internet access traffic in Tibet was significantly higher than that of mobile users. "In 2021, Tibet received 41,534,400 domestic and foreign tourists, which is 11 times the resident population of Tibet.".

Source: Oriental IC

In addition, Zhang Chi also said that it is very important that,The construction of communication base stations in Tibet is very perfect, and the developed provinces in the southeast coast have achieved remarkable results in supporting the construction of base stations in TibetA few years ago, I ran through Tibet and took out my mobile phone to test the internet speed everywhere. The internet speed in Tibet is first-class in the country, which makes me very amazed. At the same time, Internet access in Tibet is relatively low, which allows Tibetan mobile phone users to spend four or five hours with a short video even when grazing.

In order to help teachers and students in remote areas of Tibet surf the Internet, the local government and operators have jointly sent out policy measures. In August this year, the three major operators distributed the "0 yuan 30G mobile phone directional traffic package" to teachers and students in the basic education stage in Tibet, so as to reduce the pressure of network fees for teachers and students to carry out online teaching.

The relevant person in charge of the Education Department of the Autonomous Region introduced: "The distribution of this traffic package is mainly to solve the problem of high online learning expenses for students from agricultural and pastoral areas and poor families, and to ensure that students from remote agricultural and pastoral areas and poor families can participate in online learning without barriers."

It can be seen that the netizens in Tibet have reached a very high level in terms of online habits and network infrastructure, and are not even significantly weaker than those in developed coastal provinces. According to the Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development in Xizang Autonomous Region in 2021, the coverage rate of optical fiber broadband in administrative villages in the whole region reached 99%, with 2.995 million mobile Internet users at the end of the year, and the annual mobile Internet access traffic was 779.939 million GB, an increase of 38.2% over the previous year.

The decline in tariffs has made ordinary people "dare to use"

According to the data of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the current mobile Internet traffic still shows a rapid growth trend. In September, the average monthly traffic consumption value of mobile users in China continued to exceed 15GB/ household, up 12.4% year-on-year.

"IT Times" reporter noted that the value of traffic consumption is constantly hitting new highs, which is closely related to the declining traffic tariffs in recent years.In the first quarter of 2017, the average tariff of mobile phone traffic in China exceeded 35 yuan/GB; At the beginning of this year, Zhang Yunyong, Party Secretary and General Manager of Yunnan Unicom, claimed in the media that the traffic price had dropped to an average of 3.14 yuan per GB.

Zhang Yunyong introduced that in the past five years, the average tariff of fixed broadband and mobile network unit traffic in China has dropped by over 95%, and the accumulated profit has exceeded 700 billion yuan. This also brings challenges to the production and operation of communication central enterprises. Only by focusing on the new 5G infrastructure, promoting digital industrialization and industrial digitalization, and exploring a new model of digital economy, can communication central enterprises gain the impetus for sustained and high-quality development.

At the same time, under the general trend of declining traffic charges, ordinary people will become more and more "dare to use". No matter in economically developed or underdeveloped areas, communication users can take out their mobile phones anytime and anywhere and start a "traffic story" of their own.

Reporter/IT Times trainee reporter Jia Tianrong

Editor/Wang Xin Kicked Sister

Typesetting/Ji Jiaying

Photo/Tik Tok Questioner Star Oriental IC

Source/IT Times WeChat official account vittimes

　

Pang Lizhi and Bai Zuxun

Thank-you letter written by children to parents.

Letter of thanks from parents.

　　From the day nanny Wang Xiulian went to work, 92-year-old grandfather Bai Zuxun told her, "You should be prepared to accompany me to do charity." Looking at the gray-haired grandfather in front of him, Wang Xiulian couldn’t believe it. With the poor health "imprisoning" Bai Zuxun and his wife’s actions, they felt a little lost. But staying in the ward, the old couple have been thinking: How can we help others? A month and a half ago, 92-year-old Bai Zuxun and 91-year-old wife Pang Lizhi posted a handwritten proposal in black and red at the entrance of Jiulidi North Road Community, which read: Bai Zuxun and his wife Pang Lizhi jointly decided to send rice and oil to 100 needy households in poverty-stricken areas during the Spring Festival, and delivered them to the community in a centralized and unified manner.

　　I heard that five families have responded, and the old couple are very happy about it. Bai Zuxun said: If there are not enough households responding to the initiative, we will pay the money. Asked why they are not rich enough to help others, they replied: "We help them, they are young and promising, and we are getting older every day. Helping them is stronger than helping us, which also represents our strength." Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star Journalist Hu Ting Zhang Ling Photo Report

　　An unforgettable childhood memory

　　I have experienced War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, "We want to contribute waste heat to the country."

　　In a hospital in jinniu district, the reporter met Bai Zuxun and Pang Lizhi. Grandma Pang is taking oxygen because of poor lung function. The reporter shouted twice, but Grandpa Bai didn’t respond. Grandma Pang said that his ears were not very good. As they get older, their parents feel that their health is worse than before. When talking about the charity that has recently fallen behind, Grandma Pang said: If they live for a few more decades, they can do more.

　　The two old people were born around 1927. At that time, the society was in turmoil, which made them experience many hardships.

　　Pang Lizhi is a native of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. When she was 10 years old, she escaped by hiding in the cabin because of the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Just three days after she left Nanjing, Nanjing fell and saw many people being displaced and losing their lives. At that time, she thought, we need a strong country.

　　Later, life became better and better, and they always held a belief: "We should do our best to contribute our waste heat to the country."

　　A box full of thank-you notes

　　Helping others for many years, "not icing on the cake, just giving charcoal in the snow"

　　After more than 30 years of retirement, they have saved money on pensions and peacetime, helping six students finish their studies, spontaneously sending medicines to people in need, and sending warmth to low-income households … … The box at the head of Bai Zuxun’s hospital bed is neatly filled with thank-you letters written by the grantees.

　　"Dear grandparents, hello! I have made progress. Although I have made little progress, I am still very happy … … I believe that if you pay, you will get something. " "We are all very grateful for your support for our sisters, and we will use our efforts to repay your help." "Grandparents, the weather has turned cold recently, so be careful not to catch a cold … …” As soon as they have time, the parents will read it out — — For more than 30 years, some people still remember their names, while others can’t.

　　In 1994, Er Lao opened a kindergarten in Xindu, where children from poor families were admitted free of charge. Knowing that many local students from poor families can’t go to school because of family difficulties, they offered to subsidize their studies. When I saw the letter, my memories slowly came to me. "A pair of twin sisters went to 1000 yuan every month to help them finish high school smoothly, and funded Zhao Siyu’s classmate 400 yuan, stationery and so on … …”

　　Bai Zuxun said that in doing charity, they have a principle: not icing on the cake, just giving charcoal in the snow. They don’t need others to repay them. Sometimes, people who have been sponsored by them want to contact them through their children, and they are also declined: "We are willing to help them, so these are unnecessary."

　　A blue shirt with white clothes.

　　Be generous to others and "dig" yourself, and go to several vegetable markets to buy cheap food.

　　For more than 30 years, they have donated money to help students and others, and they can’t remember how much they spent. But as long as they have a little spare money, they are willing to take it out for charity. According to nanny Wang Xiulian, "They are generous in helping others, but frugal in themselves. Leftovers should also be kept and eaten. In order to buy cheap dishes, we must visit several vegetable markets. " In Grandpa Bai’s wardrobe, many clothes have been worn out, and I still can’t bear to throw them away. I have worn a blue shirt for decades, and the blue is slowly turning white, and I don’t care. There are also many people who advise them that they could have lived well with retirement wages after retirement. "Why bother?" Bai Zuxun said, "Our requirements are not high, and it is right to guarantee a basic life."

　　Grandma Pang said that she never dreamed of living in her 90 s. She guessed that it may also be because she has been doing good deeds. "I wake up every day thinking about how to help others. With that mood, my mood will be very happy."

　　Hu Min, director of Jiulidi North Road Community Neighborhood Committee, told the reporter that she didn’t know their deeds until the two old people moved from Xindu to Jiulidi. "The two old people are very famous in Xindu. After coming to Jiulidi, the charity has been going on, visiting low-income households, donating money to community funds and donating money to schools. Bai Zuxun himself has rheumatism, so he bought medicine for some residents suffering from the same disease. " Hu Min said that they have always had a good reputation in their jurisdiction, and Bai Zuxun also won the title of the first "Top Ten Good People in the Community" in the community. Hu Min said, "Their kindness is very worthy of our study and promotion."

　　Old couple’s family situation

　　The 70th anniversary of the founding of New China is approaching in anniversary.

　　"Twenty years earlier, I really want to go to Beijing for a walk."

　　Grandma Pang likes watching the news very much. Seeing the five-star red flag flying on the world stage, "I’m so happy." In their view, what they do is not great, but they just want to contribute to the strength of the country. "Help others, and those who are helped will help more people. The strength of a country cannot be achieved by the strength of a few people alone. If everyone has this awareness, then our country must be strong! "

　　In a few days, anniversary will be the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China. Looking at such a powerful motherland now, the parents are very excited. "We can’t go far now. If we can go 20 years earlier, we really want to take a walk in Beijing, see the capital and see the great motherland!"

Smart rice cookers, large-capacity commercial rice cookers, multifunctional electric cookers … In the online exhibition area of Canton Fair of Guangdong Huaqiang Electric Appliance Group Co., Ltd., a dazzling array of small household appliances attracted many buyers to stay in the exhibition area. "In the past few days, the company has reached cooperation with 12 customers, and the order amount is about 650,000 US dollars." Lu Runhua, general manager of the company, said with satisfaction.

From April 15th to 24th, China Import and Export Fair (Canton Fair) was held for the fourth time. The cumulative number of visitors in official website is 10.09 million, with 33.9 million visits; 536,000 overseas buyers from 228 countries and regions registered to watch the exhibition, which was 41.8% higher than the 130th session … The enthusiasm for participating in the exhibition was high and online transactions were busy. The "cloud" Canton Fair set up a unique economic and trade bridge for Chinese and foreign exhibitors and buyers.

Stable scale, more new products.

Canton Fair is regarded as a "barometer" and "weather vane" of foreign trade. The overall scale of the Canton Fair has remained stable, and the quality of exhibitors has steadily improved. According to Xu Bing, spokesman of Canton Fair, there are about 25,500 exhibitors at home and abroad, and 50 exhibition areas are set up according to 16 categories of goods. Domestic and foreign exhibitors uploaded a total of 3,052,100 exhibits, including 951,500 new products, all of which reached record highs.

Held continuously for more than 60 years, the Canton Fair has accumulated a large number of "fans". Although affected by the epidemic situation in COVID-19, exhibitors and buyers are enthusiastic and full of gains with the help of various new technologies and forms, such as pictures, texts, videos, 3D and VR.

"Six consecutive broadcasts a day!" Wang Dingying, deputy general manager of Ningbo Yongtaiping Import and Export Co., Ltd. said excitedly. The company’s products cover 14 exhibition areas of the Canton Fair, covering hardware, clothing, home accessories, shoes and bags, office appliances, consumer electronics, home appliances and many other categories. Wang Dingying introduced that the live broadcast of household appliances is the most popular, and new small household appliances such as coffee machines and wall-breaking machines were welcomed by buyers in India, the Philippines and other countries as soon as they appeared. "As long as customers need it, we are not afraid of being tired."

High-tech content and many new products are the highlights of this year’s Canton Fair.

On April 17th, at the launch event of new products in Canton Fair, a VR game device named "Lexiang Go-kart" attracted much attention. This product of Guangzhou Zhuo Yuan Virtual Reality Technology Co., Ltd. adopts the patent of crank technology, and brings people a realistic driving experience through the steering wheel, throttle, brake and blowing special effects. "With the guidance of’ fist products’, we have reached an intentional transaction amount of 360,000 US dollars at this Canton Fair." The person in charge of the company said.

Compared with previous years, more exhibitors launched their own research and development, independent brand exhibits, and made new achievements. Following the international fashion trend, the "high-value" aluminum cookware and the stainless steel cookware with thumb groove on bakelite handle … A large number of new products of Shanghai Longtou Import & Export Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Dongfang International Group, have attracted many overseas buyers for their novel design, excellent materials and close market demand.

Practicing the concept of "creating green", green and low-carbon products have become a hot topic in this Canton Fair.

"Bamboo will not cause soil erosion when it is cut down, and its growth cycle is faster. It can replace trees as raw materials for production and play a role in protecting the environment and saving resources." Feng Limei, general manager of Foshan Meijia Green Environmental Protection Materials Co., Ltd. introduced that the company brought many new environmentally-friendly bamboo products at the Canton Fair, including degradable PLA cups and environmentally-friendly lunch boxes. "The epidemic has affected consumers’ living and eating habits, which has greatly increased the demand for disposable tableware, and our degradable tableware has gained a lot of negotiation intentions."

"Buy the world, sell the world" on the cloud.

"Cloud" exhibition, how to make the supply and mining better docking?

This year’s Canton Fair held 50 "Bridge of Trade" cloud promotion activities around the world, providing accurate docking services for multinational head enterprises and domestic key industrial clusters and brand enterprises, and enhancing the effectiveness of trade matching. The mascots of the Canton Fair "BEE" and "HONEY" became online recommenders, and eight trade promotion and matching activities of "Haobao and Haoni exploring and making friends" led millions of overseas fans to experience the Canton Fair in an immersive way. At the same time, the online platform was further optimized. For the first time, enterprise and product characteristic signs such as specialization, novelty, high-tech, green and low-carbon, and intelligent products were added, and the function of authorizing buyers’ information was added to make the platform more fluent and responsive.

In order to fit the characteristics of "cloud", exhibitors have adjusted their strategies to improve the "sense of presence" of product display through virtual reality and augmented reality technology. Ningbo Zhongji Huitong Group Co., Ltd. built a 3D online exhibition hall to provide buyers with a "360-degree no dead angle" exhibition experience. Ying Xiuzhen, vice president of the company, said: "Our exhibition hall has realized the dream linkage between virtual and reality. After wearing VR equipment, foreign businessmen can experience products more intuitively."

The Canton Fair moved to the "cloud", and exhibitors overcame the obstacles of time difference and distance to attract customers and open up markets.

Guangzhou Gao En Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. adjusts the online activity arrangement according to the time difference of customers, and informs new and old customers in advance. "The first online display after the opening ceremony lasted only 1 hour and 44 minutes, and the total number of likes reached 420,000. In the afternoon, the company arranged two online exhibitions, and soon received purchasing intentions from overseas buyers such as Mexico, Chile, India, Russia, Colombia, Spain and Germany. " Huo Liyi, general manager of the company, said.

According to the time difference of different customer groups, Haida Gate Control Co., Ltd. has set up a six-time online display. "In recent days, we have received dozens of customer inquiries, and the total amount of intentional orders has reached 148,000 US dollars." Liu Chunlin, the company’s foreign trade manager, said.

After watching the online exhibition of Oulusha Co., Ltd., Bangladeshi buyer Idis became interested in the bathroom cabinets and smart toilets produced by Oulusha, and finally reached the first intentional order of 300,000 US dollars. "Oulusha’s products are novel and full of design sense. We have learned about the whole company in detail in the online display, and we are also looking forward to visiting the factory in China after the epidemic." Idis said.

Overseas exhibitors are also full of gains. Spanish soap, Chilean red wine, Turkish coffee pot, Korean mask, German bearing … In the online import exhibition area of Canton Fair, 402 overseas enterprises from 32 countries and regions around the world exhibited many delicious, fun, good-looking and easy-to-use goods. Afghan exhibitor Ali brought a variety of high-quality products such as handmade blankets and pine nuts. He lamented: "China consumers have strong demand and purchasing power for high-quality specialty products."

According to statistics, during the current Canton Fair, the total number of visitors to the cloud exhibition hall of exhibitors was 6,223,100, and exhibitors held a total of 85,300 online exhibitions.

Unicom’s domestic and international double circulation

Recently, domestic epidemics have occurred frequently, and the production and business activities of some foreign trade enterprises have been limited, and logistics and transportation have been blocked. In this context, the significance of "Unicom’s domestic and international double cycle" in this Canton Fair has become increasingly prominent.

Expand the "circle of friends" to build a high-quality platform for foreign trade enterprises and create more business opportunities.

There are 170 global partners in this Canton Fair, including 50 partners from countries along the Belt and Road and more than 40 partners from RCEP member countries, achieving full coverage of RCEP member countries. "The Canton Fair is the golden signboard of China’s foreign trade development, and it has accumulated a huge credit advantage for more than 60 years. With the platform of the Canton Fair, we have established long-term cooperative relations with many domestic and foreign customers. " Lin Xiaofeng, vice president of overseas marketing of Shenzhen Tuori New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. said.

Improve the support ability and facilitate enterprises to "go out to sea".

In order to alleviate the difficulties of foreign trade enterprises in "finding ships" and "finding cabinets", this year’s Canton Fair has set up a trade service section, which is divided into four categories: testing and certification, cross-border e-commerce, logistics and transportation, and comprehensive services, covering 26 logistics and transportation enterprises, 7 cross-border e-commerce enterprises and 4 comprehensive service enterprises, and set up a cross-border e-commerce area to escort the order fulfillment of participating foreign trade enterprises.

Promote the integration of domestic and foreign trade, and help foreign trade enterprises to "walk on two legs" in export and domestic sales.

Shanghai Guanhua Stainless Steel Products Co., Ltd., a veteran foreign trade enterprise, was hit by the epidemic, and some orders were cancelled or delayed, resulting in a backlog of inventory. Through the Canton Fair, enterprises can get to know more domestic buyers, build their own brands and explore the domestic market. At present, the company’s domestic products account for 20% of the total sales.

Behind the strong popularity of the Canton Fair is the China market with unlimited business opportunities and the resilient China economy.

For seven consecutive quarters, the year-on-year growth was positive. In the first quarter, the total import and export value of goods trade was 9.42 trillion yuan, up 10.7% year-on-year … The outstanding performance of China’s foreign trade has conveyed confidence and strength to Chinese and foreign exhibitors in this Canton Fair. Becca Meka Belize, president of the Georgian Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Guangdong Province, believes that the "cloud" Canton Fair has provided solid support for ensuring the stability of the global industrial chain supply chain and injected strong impetus into the global economic recovery. "The creative Cloud Canton Fair fully embodies the wisdom of China, which has opened up new trade channels for me. The market in China is very broad, and I have sufficient confidence to dig deep in this layout. " Becca said.

In the long run, how to build a "Digital Canton Fair" with high standards and high quality? Wang Shouwen, Vice Minister of Commerce, said that China will open wider to the outside world, and the Canton Fair will also play a more important role in this process. In the future, the online exhibition of the Canton Fair will innovate mechanisms, enrich formats and expand functions, and realize the integrated development of online and offline. "The Canton Fair will continue to improve the service level for exhibitors and strive to provide more display channels and service content; Continue to increase the invitation of professional buyers, and strive to achieve the increase of buyers’ participation enthusiasm, stable quantity, optimized structure and improved quality; Continue to create a safe, reliable and mutual trust exhibition environment, and strive to make the platform more stable, more functional and more effective. " Wang Shouwen said. (Reporter Wang Wenzheng)

Recently, Ashok Elluswamy, director of Tesla autopilot software, gave a speech at CVPR 2022 conference, introducing many achievements made by Tesla autopilot team in the past year, especially the neural network model named Occupancy Networks (hereinafter referred to as occupation network).

He said that there are many problems in the traditional methods of semantic segmentation and depth information used in autonomous driving systems, such as the difficulty of converting 2D to 3D and the inaccurate estimation of depth information.

After using the occupancy network, the model can predict the space occupied by objects around the vehicle (including the space generated by the next action of dynamic objects).

Based on this, vehicles can make evasive actions without identifying the specific obstacles-Ashok Elluswamy even joked on Twitter that Tesla’s car can even avoid UFOs!

Based on this technology, vehicles can also see whether there are obstacles in the surrounding corners, so as to realize unprotected steering like human drivers!

In short, the occupation of the network has significantly enhanced Tesla’s autonomous driving ability (L2).

It is said that Tesla’s autopilot system can prevent 40 car accidents caused by driver errors every day!

In addition, Ashok Elluswamy also highlighted the efforts of Tesla Autopilot system in preventing drivers from misoperation.

By sensing the external environment and the driver’s operating system, the vehicle can identify the driver’s misoperation, such as stepping on the accelerator pedal at the wrong time, the vehicle will stop accelerating and brake automatically!

▲ Tesla active braking

That is to say, some problems of "brake failure" caused by driver’s misoperation that have been frequently exposed in China will be technically restricted.

I have to say that Tesla is really good at promoting technological progress. The following is a video compilation of Ashok Elluswamy’s speech, with a slight deletion.

First, the pure vision algorithm is powerful, and the two-dimensional image is transformed into three-dimensional.

At the beginning of the speech, Ashok said that not everyone knows the specific functions of Tesla’s autopilot system, so he briefly introduced it.

▲Ashok

According to him, Tesla’s autopilot system can help vehicles achieve lane keeping, vehicle following, deceleration and cornering, etc. In addition to these, Tesla’s autopilot system is also equipped with standard safety functions, such as emergency braking and obstacle avoidance, which can avoid a variety of collisions.

In addition, since 2019, about 1 million Tesla vehicles can use more advanced navigation on the expressway, check the information of adjacent lanes to perform lane changes and identify the entrances and exits of the expressway.

Moreover, the Tesla autopilot system can automatically park in the parking lot, identify traffic lights and road signs, and make a right turn to bypass obstacles such as cars. At present, these functions have been verified by hundreds of thousands of Tesla owners.

In the speech, Ashok also took out a video recorded by a user. The video shows that when the user is driving on a crowded road in San Francisco, the car screen shows the surrounding environment, such as road boundaries, lane lines, the position and speed of nearby vehicles.

▲ The system recognizes the surrounding environment.

On the one hand, these need the support of hardware such as Tesla car and camera, on the other hand, they also need the support of algorithms and neural networks built into Tesla autopilot system.

According to Ashok, Tesla is equipped with eight 1.2-megapixel cameras, which can capture 360-degree images of the surrounding environment and generate an average of 36 images per second. Then Tesla’s car will process this information, and it can perform 144 trillion operations per second (TeraOPs/s).

Moreover, these processes are based on pure vision algorithm, without using lidar and ultrasonic radar, and without high-definition map.

So how does Tesla’s autopilot system identify general obstacles?

Ashok said that when encountering general obstacles, the system will use the space division method. When using the space segmentation method, the system marks every pixel in the space as "drivable" and "non-drivable", and then automatically drives the chip to deal with the scene. However, there are some problems with this method.

▲ Marking of objects

First of all, the object pixels marked by the system are in two-dimensional space, and in order to navigate the car in three-dimensional space, the object pixels need to be converted into the corresponding predicted values in three-dimensional space, so that Tesla’s system can establish an interactive physical model and handle the navigation task smoothly.

▲ Marking of objects

However, when the system converts the pixels of an object from a two-dimensional image to a three-dimensional image, it needs to carry out image semantic segmentation (that is, identify the image at the pixel level, that is, label the object category to which each pixel in the image belongs).

This process will produce unnecessary images or unnecessary pixels in the system, and a few pixels on the ground plane of the image can have a great influence, which directly determines how to convert this two-dimensional image into a three-dimensional image. Therefore, Tesla does not want to produce such influential pixels during planning.

In addition, different obstacles need to be judged by different methods.

Generally speaking, the depth value of the object (the distance from the observer’s point of view to the object, which is finally obtained after projection transformation, standardization of equipment coordinates and scaling translation) is commonly used.

In some scenarios, the system can predict obstacles first. In another scene, the system can also detect the depth of the pixels of the image, so each pixel will produce some depth values.

▲ Depth map (right)

However, although the depth map finally generated is very beautiful, only three points are needed when the depth map is used for prediction.

Moreover, when visualizing these three points, although it is ok to look at them at close range, they will also be deformed with the increase of distance, and it is difficult to continue to use these images in the next stage.

For example, walls may be deformed and bent. The objects near the ground level are also determined by fewer points, which makes the system unable to correctly judge obstacles in planning.

Because these depth maps are converted from plane images collected by multiple cameras, it is difficult to produce the same obstacle in the end, and it is also difficult for the system to predict the boundary of the obstacle.

Therefore, Tesla proposed an occupation network scheme to solve this problem.

Second, calculate the space occupancy rate and code the object.

During the speech, Ashok also showed this network occupation scheme by video. He said that as can be seen from the video, in this scheme, the system processes the images captured by eight cameras, then calculates the space occupancy rate of the object, and finally generates a schematic diagram.

▲ The generated simulated image

Moreover, every time the Tesla car moves, the system network will recalculate the space occupancy rate of the surrounding objects. In addition, the system network will not only calculate the space occupancy of some static objects, such as trees and walls, but also calculate the space occupancy of dynamic objects, including driving cars.

After that, the network outputs the image into a three-dimensional image, and can also predict the occluded object, so even if the car only uploads part of the outline of the object, the user can distinguish the object clearly.

In addition, although the resolution of the images captured by the system is different because of the distance, based on the above scheme, the resolution of the simulated 3D images finally presented is the same.

▲ The generated images have the same resolution.

This means that the whole scheme runs very efficiently. Ashok said that the computing platform runs for 10 milliseconds, and the system network can run at the rate of 100 Hz, which is even faster than the speed of many cameras recording images.

So, how is this process completed? This requires an understanding of the architecture of the occupation network scheme.

When explaining the architecture of the occupation network scheme, Ashok takes the images taken by Tesla fisheye camera and the left camera as an example, and compares the image correction process between them.

First, the system will stretch the image, then extract the image features, find out whether the points related to the 3D image are occupied, then use the 3D position coding, and then map it to a fixed position, after which the information will be collected in the subsequent calculation.

▲ Conduct preliminary processing on the image.

After that, the system will embed the position of the image space, continue to process the image stream through 3D query, and finally generate 3D occupation features. Because high-dimensional occupation features are generated, it is difficult to perform this operation at every point in the space. Therefore, the system will generate these high-dimensional features in lower dimensions, such as using typical up-sampling technology to generate high-dimensional space occupancy.

▲ Calculate the space occupancy of objects.

Interestingly, Ashok revealed in his speech that this occupation network scheme was only used to deal with static objects, but in the end it was found that it was difficult to deal with only static trees, and the system also encountered many difficulties when it first began to distinguish between "true and false pedestrians".

But the team finally found that no matter whether these obstacles are moving or static, the system only needs to be able to avoid them in the end.

▲ True and false pedestrians

Therefore, the occupation network scheme no longer distinguishes between dynamic obstacles and static obstacles, but uses other classifications to deal with them and calculate the instantaneous space occupancy rate of objects, but this is not enough to ensure that Tesla cars can drive safely.

Because if only the instantaneous space occupancy rate is calculated, it is not reasonable for Tesla to meet a car while driving at high speed and then start to slow down. The system wants to know more about the space occupancy rate of this car at different times and the changes.

In this way, the system can predict when the car will leave. Therefore, the scheme also involves predicting the occupied flow.

▲ Calculation process of occupied flow

The data of occupancy flow can be the first and higher derivative of space occupancy or time, and it can also provide more accurate control and unify them in the same coordinate system. The system will use the same method to generate space occupancy and occupancy flow, which will also provide strong protection against various obstacles.

Third, the type of obstacle is not important. The system can avoid collision.

Ashok also said that conventional motion or mobile networks can’t judge the type of object, such as whether it is a static object or a moving vehicle.

However, from the control level, the type of objects is actually not important, and the network occupation scheme provides good protection to prevent the network from classification difficulties.

Because no matter what the obstacle is, the system will think that this part of the space is occupied and move at a certain speed. Some special types of vehicles may have strange protrusions, which are difficult to model with traditional technology. The system will use cubes or other polygons to represent moving objects.

In this way, the object can be squeezed at will, and this occupying method does not need complex grid topology modeling.

When the vehicle is turning unprotected or protected, geometric information can be used to infer the occlusion situation. Geometric information should not only infer the information recognized by the vehicle camera, but also infer the unrecognized information.

For example, when a car is making an unprotected turn, there is a fork in the road ahead, and there may be potential vehicles blocked by trees and road signs, so the car "knows" that it can’t see the vehicles from these obstructions. Based on different control strategies, cars can ask questions and eliminate this occlusion.

Therefore, for a stationary object, the car can recognize when it becomes visible while driving. Because there is a complete three-dimensional obstacle, the car can also predict what distance it will hit this object, and then the system will identify and pass this blocked object through smooth control.

Therefore, the occupy network scheme helps to improve the control stack in many different ways. This scheme is an extension of the nerve radiation field, and the nerve radiation field (NeRf) has largely taken over the research of computer vision in the past few years.

▲ Schematic diagram of the association between Nerf and occupied network

NeRf is an image reconstruction scene in a single scene or a single location, which is reconstructed from a point in a single location.

Ashok said that when Tesla’s vehicles are driving, the images received in the background processing are more accurate, so it is possible to generate cross-time and accurate image routes, and generate more accurate 3D reconstruction through the NeRf model and 3D state differential rendering images.

There is a problem with the images in the real world-we will see a lot of unreal or different scenes in the real world.

For example, the glare of the sun or the dirt or dust on the windshield will change due to the diffraction of light, or raindrops will further distort the propagation of light and eventually produce artifacts.

The way to improve the robustness is to use higher-level descriptors, but these descriptors will not change the local lighting artifacts (such as glare) to a certain extent.

Because RGB (color system) images may be very noisy, adding descriptors on RGB can provide a layer of semantic protection to prevent the change of RGB values. Therefore, Tesla’s goal is to use this method to occupy the network solution.

▲ Descriptors are more robust than RGB.

Because the network occupation scheme needs to generate space occupancy in several shots, it cannot run a complete neural optimization in the car, but the neural optimization can be reduced to run in the background, ensuring that the space occupancy generated by it can explain the images of all sensors received by the car when it is running.

In addition, descriptors can also be superimposed during training to produce good supervision for these networks; At the same time, different sensor data can be differentiated to monitor the images held.

At present, Tesla has a network to reduce obstacles. The next step is to avoid any collision. Autopilot already has many safety functions.

Then, Ashok showed three videos of Autopilot starting to avoid collision.

The collision accident here refers to the collision accident caused by the driver accidentally stepping on the accelerator pedal as a brake pedal.

Ashok means that when the driver accidentally uses the accelerator as a brake, the car will accelerate and cause a collision, but the car will recognize and automatically stop the acceleration and automatically brake to prevent the collision.

In the first video, Ashock said that if Autopilot didn’t start and stopped the car from accelerating, the driver in the video would probably fall into the river.

▲ Tesla AP starts to avoid the car falling into the river.

Similarly, the second video shows that a Tesla driver mistakenly stepped on the accelerator while parking, but Autopilot quickly started and prevented the car from hitting shops and pedestrians.

▲ Tesla AP starts to avoid the car hitting the store.

Fourth, automatically plan the path through the occupied vehicle.

However, it may take several seconds or even minutes for the car to brake and stop smoothly, and there may not be enough time to identify obstacles and calculate when the car is driving.

So we should use neural network to achieve this goal; Especially recently, there have been more complicated hidden scenes. What Tesla’s autonomous driving team has to do is to get the space occupancy rate from the previous network.

First, the space occupancy rate should be coded into a super-compressed MLP. In essence, this MLP is an implicit representation of whether collision can be avoided in any specific query state, and this collision avoidance method provides some guarantees in a certain time range. For example, collisions can be avoided in 2 seconds or 4 seconds or within a certain time range.

Ashok gives another example here. He gives a top-down road. Black pixels are obstacles, gray pixels are roads and white pixels are road lanes. In the top view of this three-dimensional space, the car can be placed at any pixel position to simulate whether the collision can be avoided.

▲ Schematic diagram of vehicle driving situation

He said: "If you think of the car as a single point and the period of avoiding collision is set to an instant, then whether there will be a collision at the current time depends only on the position of the obstacle; But the problem is that the car is not a point, it has a rectangular shape and can also turn. "

Therefore, only when the shape is convolved with the obstacle can we immediately know whether the car is in a collision state.

As the car turns (or rotates out of control), the collision field will change. Green means that the car is in a safe position without collision, and red means collision, so when the car rotates, there are more collision positions; But when the car position is aligned, the green position expands, which means that the car will not collide.

On the whole, Ashok shows how to use multiple camera videos and products to generate dense space occupation rate and occupation flow. Through space occupation rate, an effective collision avoidance field can be generated through neural network, that is, vehicles can "see" through the camera and, according to experience, pass through the road with appropriate speed and direction.

▲ Implicit neural network for collision avoidance.

Ashok also shared an experiment in a simulated environment. The driver stepped on the accelerator to accelerate and there was no steering behavior. The car monitored that there would be a collision and planned a path to make the car pass safely.

Ashok said at the end of his speech that if they can successfully implement all the above technologies, they can produce a car that will never crash.

Obviously, this work has not been completed. In his last PPT, Ashok actively invited engineers to join Tesla and build a car that will never crash!

▲ Ashok Elluswamy welcomes more talents to join Tesla.

Conclusion: Tesla continues to explore autonomous driving.

Since Tesla’s self-driving technology with fire, a large number of followers have emerged on the self-driving track. But it must be said that Tesla is still at the forefront of the industry and constantly explores new methods of autonomous driving.

The person in charge of the Tesla Autopilot project brought new technical interpretations, and also showed us the highlights of Tesla’s future autonomous driving technology in advance to some extent. With Tesla’s spirit of continuous exploration, its autonomous driving will continue to lead the entire automobile market.

　 　 Spring Festival holiday has come, are you still at home? A trip without a visit? (because of poverty)

　 　 During the 7-day long vacation, you must have arranged a near or far travel plan. Whether it’s the romance between two people or the excitement between relatives and friends, I believe everyone hopes to leave the most beautiful moment in the journey with a camera.

　 　 A capital BUT!

　 　Unfortunately, although the scenery is good, there are always pig teammates in the same industry, and the photos taken make people stunned, depressed, sad and angry … …

You actually look like this.

But in their lens, you become like this … …

　 　 Nowadays, sighing at the sky doesn’t help. How can we improve their photography level? Xiao Dianjun tells you a good way — — Forward this content to him/her, and make sure to get good photography skills quickly after reading it, and take beautiful photos like movie pictures on the trip ~

　 　 Our slogan is: Watch movies and celebrate the Year of Bigger!

I am not single dog, I want to be wonderful alone.

　 　 Taking advantage of this holiday, traveling with my other half is the happiest thing, but we have all had the painful experience of "my boyfriend took me like this". No matter how to pose in front of the camera, the final photo is always unsatisfactory.

　 　 In movies, there are many lonely scenes depicting the protagonist alone, which have both temperament and connotation, and the pictures are not conventional. Although we don’t have the photographic skills of masters for decades, we may be able to succeed more than half by learning a little "fur" from these stills and grasping the pose of the characters and the composition of the pictures in the lens!

Reference film: Nie Yinniang the Assassin.

Applicable scene: Woods and reeds.

Tip: Stand sideways among the trees and look into the distance. The focus of the lens is on your body, using scattered branches to create a virtual and real effect.

Reference film: Mars Rescue

Applicable scenes: desert, square, open space

Skill: Try to choose an empty venue, sit down naturally on the slope, and look straight ahead or bow your head slightly. The figure is located in 1/5 of the picture.

Reference film: The Resurrection Man

Applicable scenes: outdoor and suburban areas

Skill: At sunset, look up at the sky 45 on your side, and make a bitter hatred like a small plum.

Reference film: mr. six.

Applicable scenes: outdoor, ice.

Important skills: Turn your back to the camera, and hang your hands naturally or put them in your pockets (you can also imitate the posture of mr. six code rack if you want to shoot a very man effect). Photographers need to squat (pa) and shoot from bottom to top.

The most romantic thing I can think of is to pat with you.

　 　 (single dog, please consciously ignore it) Both people’s time is sweet and happy. Whether they are lovestruck couples or model couples who have been married for many years, they can leave precious memories about each other through a small trip.

　 　 Even if there is no third party on the trip, you can make good use of the timing shooting function of tripod and camera. As long as you master the skills, you can shoot a couple’s blockbuster anywhere.

Reference film: "Searching for Dragons"

Applicable scenes: grassland, convertible.

Tip: After putting the camera in place, neither of them looks directly at the camera and looks far away. Boys can also look up at the sky with their heads in their hands like Hu Bayi, and make a "zhuang" and sprinkle "X".

Reference film: Brooklyn

Applicable scenario: anywhere

Skill: Also use far and near stations to focus on the people in front (or behind) to create the effect of reality.

Reference film: "Mistakes in the Stars"

Applicable scenes: lawn, snow

Skill: I believe every girl has fantasized about this classic picture, but it is not difficult to realize it — — Set up a solid tripod, put the camera down and set the shooting time! But remember to check the picture in advance to succeed once. (It will be better if we can find a third person to stand on a high place and shoot down.)

Reference film: My Girlhood

Applicable scene: selfie

Skill: Of course, girls should be beautiful. Just make a face and let your boyfriend do it!

Reference film: The Theory of Everything.

Applicable scene: a relatively empty field in the suburbs

Tip: This movie is simply a textbook for shooting couples’ photos. Set up a tripod, set up the continuous shooting function, look at each other’s eyes, and slowly turn around ~ turn ~ get up ~

Leave the happiest smile of parents and elders.

　 　 Of course, the Chinese New Year is a time to reunite with family members. When you get together with brothers and sisters, parents and relatives you haven’t seen for a long time, it is natural to take a group photo as a souvenir, and then organize a group outing to experience the warmth of family ties.

　 　 The family is sitting in front of the camera, and it is really boring to shout "eggplant" in a serious way. Xiao Dianjun only teaches you three tricks, so that you and your family can leave the most unique, fun and warm image memories.

Reference film: "Beautiful Day"

Applicable scene: outdoors, it is better when the weather is sunny.

Tip: Choose a sunny day, and the family will get together and pose in different poses. The camera can be placed directly on the ground and the lens will shoot upwards.

Reference film: Return to 20 years old

Applicable scene: indoors

Tip: Prepare a set of clothes similar to grandpa’s/grandma’s, pose the same as them, even if it is just a pose facing the camera, it can leave the warmest image.

Reference film: "The Bailey Family"

Applicable scene: any outdoor scenic spot

Skill: There is no special skill, just a little closer and a little closer. It is the best moment for a family to hug together.

Friends get together, no madness, no youth.

　 　 Spring Festival holiday can get rid of the complicated daily work, and it is also the best time to get together with friends. Friends of 3579 go hand in hand, and taking some exciting photos will make the atmosphere more warm. Maybe after a few years, I will dig out this photo and recall the madness when I was young.

　 　 There are even more plots describing friendship in movies. Their stories must be more dramatic than our daily life, and they are also quite literary and dramatic under the camera record, which may add some fun.

Reference film: Wild Horse

Applicable scenes: crowded cafes, sofas and cars.

Tip: If literary girls want to take a group of cool party photos, they can try to squeeze 4 or 5 people into a narrow space, which can be a two-person sofa in a coffee shop or a back seat in a car. They may snuggle up and look at each other, which may have a different effect.

Reference film: diary of the sea street

Applicable scene: seaside and suburban evening.

Skill: Feel the reunion with friends, laugh happily, and smile from the heart will become the most beautiful freeze-frame picture.

Reference film: My Girlhood

Applicable scenario: any open field

Tip: Sound waves ~ too strong ~ will be hit to the ground if you don’t shake them! Play a high song and swing with the music! Set the continuous shooting function and the camera will automatically record these happy moments.

Yamagata poster

Japanese actress Riko Narumi, actor Itsuki Sawamura and Naoto Takenaka attended the Paris Fashion Exhibition held in Paris on 25th. On the same day, Riko Narumi, who was only 16 years old, showed off a modeling step in order to promote the new film, and won the applause of the audience.

As the "Paris Fashion Exhibition" is the forerunner of the new fashion trend in the world, it attracted nearly 300 media from all over the world for interviews that day. Naoto Takenaka directed and acted his new film Yamagata to promote it. On the same day, Naoto Takenaka, Itsuki Sawamura and Riko Narumi, starring in the film, dressed in costumes, appeared on the catwalk. The reason why three people are invited to the fashion show is that all the clothes in the upcoming film Yamagata are sponsored by the world-famous clothing brand "MASATOMO".

Riko Narumi

At the scene, I saw Riko Narumi, the heroine who plays a high school student in the film, dressed in a costume, Itsuki Sawamura, who plays a samurai, dressed in armor, and Naoto Takenaka, the director, appeared in a leopard suit. The three of them walked like cats, which undoubtedly became the focus of the flash that day. Although all three people showed their self-confidence when they walked on the runway for the first time in subsequent interviews, many celebrities in the fashion industry still gave warm applause.

In addition, in the interview, Riko Narumi expressed his nervousness when he first appeared on the runway, and hoped that the French audience would like the movie Yamagata by showing their costumes on the runway.

It is reported that the horror and comedy film Yamagata is expected to be released in Japan this summer.

Next page: More wonderful pictures.

[Movie Network]www.1905.comExclusive manuscript, please indicate the source.

Beijing Zhengban Fa [2007] No.35

The people’s governments of the districts and counties, the commissions, offices and bureaus of the municipal government, and the municipal institutions:

　　"Implementation Opinions on Post Setting Management of Public Institutions in Beijing" has been approved by the municipal government and is hereby issued to you, please implement it carefully.

　　General Office of Beijing Municipal People’s Government　 　　

　　May 18th, 2007　　

Opinions on the implementation of post setting management in public institutions in Beijing

　　In order to do a good job in the post setting management of public institutions in this Municipality, this opinion is formulated according to the "Trial Measures for the Post Setting Management of Public Institutions" of the Ministry of Personnel and its implementation opinions.

　　I. Scope of implementation

　　(a) for the purpose of social welfare, organized by the state organs of this Municipality or other organizations using state-owned assets, including institutions whose sources of funds are mainly financial allocations, partly financial support and self-care, these opinions shall apply to the implementation of post setting management.

　　(two) the management personnel (staff), professional and technical personnel and workers and technicians of public institutions should be included in the post setting management.

　　If the post setting management involves the leaders of public institutions, it shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the cadre personnel management authority.

　　(three) the use of various institutions, associations, foundations and other social group work personnel in this Municipality shall be incorporated into the post setting management with reference to this opinion.

　　(4) This opinion is not applicable to the institutions and social organizations managed by reference to the Civil Service Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) approved by this Municipality, the institutions and independent accounting enterprises owned by various enterprises, and the units transformed from institutions into enterprises.

　 　 　 　Second, the post category and setting principles

　　(5) The posts in public institutions are divided into three categories: management posts, professional and technical posts and ground-working skills posts. Institutions should set up posts in accordance with the principles of scientific rationality, streamlined efficiency, unification and standardization, and insist on setting up posts on demand, competing for posts, hiring by posts and contract management.

　　(6) Management post refers to a post that undertakes leadership duties or management tasks, and is engaged in social public affairs or the organization, management, coordination and scheduling of internal institutions and personnel of the unit.

　　Management positions are divided into unit leadership positions, internal organization leadership positions and general management positions. The establishment of unit leadership positions is determined according to the existing cadre and personnel management authority. The establishment of leadership positions and general management positions in internal institutions shall be determined in accordance with the cadre and personnel management authority and this opinion.

　　(seven) professional and technical posts refer to jobs engaged in professional and technical work with corresponding professional and technical level and ability requirements.

　　The establishment of professional and technical posts should be within the limits of the total number of posts, the highest level and the structural proportion, and determined by institutions in accordance with the provisions of the state and this Municipality on the management of professional and technical posts, and according to factors such as professional requirements, responsibilities, workload and difficulty.

　　(eight) the post of ground work skills refers to the post that undertakes the duties of skill operation and maintenance, logistics support and service.

　　The ground-working skill posts include technical posts and ordinary posts. General labor services that have achieved socialized service are no longer provided with corresponding ground-working skills.　

　 　 　 　(9) Ad hoc posts are non-permanent posts for hiring high-level talents, which are not limited by the total number of posts, the highest level and the structural proportion of the unit, and are set up, approved and filed according to the procedures specified in this opinion according to the special needs of career development. After completing the task, it shall be written off according to the prescribed procedures.

　　Third, the post level

　　(ten) the city management positions are divided into 8 grades, professional and technical positions are divided into 13 grades, skilled jobs are divided into 5 grades, and ordinary jobs are not divided into grades.

　　(11) The current bureau-level chief, bureau-level deputy, department-level chief, department-level deputy, department-level chief, department-level deputy, clerk and clerk of a public institution correspond to the management positions from level 3 to level 10 respectively.

　　(12) Senior professional and technical posts are from Grade 1 to Grade 7 (senior posts are from Grade 1 to Grade 4 and deputy senior posts are from Grade 5 to Grade 7), intermediate posts are from Grade 8 to Grade 10, and junior posts are from Grade 11 to Grade 13 (of which Grade 13 is a rank post).

　　If senior professional and technical posts do not distinguish between positive and negative positions, they shall be temporarily implemented according to the relevant provisions of existing professional and technical posts, and specific reform measures shall be studied and formulated separately.

　　(thirteen) senior technicians, technicians, senior workers, intermediate workers, junior workers, respectively, in turn, corresponding to the ground skills and skills of technical workers from level one to level five.

　　Fourth, the total number of posts and structural proportion

　　(fourteen) the structural proportion control standards of the three types of posts in public institutions are as follows:

　　Institutions that mainly provide social welfare services with professional skills should ensure that professional and technical posts are the main body, generally not less than 70% of the total number of posts in the unit.

　　Institutions that are mainly responsible for the management of social affairs should ensure that management posts are the main body, which should generally account for more than 50% of the total number of posts in the unit.

　　Institutions that are mainly responsible for skills operation and maintenance, service guarantee, etc., should ensure that the ground-working skills posts are the main body, which should generally account for more than 50% of the total number of posts in the unit.

　　The other two types of posts other than the main posts of public institutions should maintain a relatively reasonable structural proportion.

　　(fifteen) the number of management positions, the highest level and the proportion of structure, according to the specifications, scale and affiliation of the unit, according to the cadre personnel management authority.

　　(16) The number, highest grade and structural proportion of professional and technical posts shall be determined in accordance with the guiding standards for the structural proportion of professional and technical posts formulated by the Municipal Personnel Bureau in conjunction with relevant industry authorities, and shall be subject to classified control according to the functions, specifications, affiliation and professional and technical level of the unit.

　　The structural proportion control standards among different levels of professional and technical posts are as follows: the proportion among the second, third and fourth levels is 1∶3∶6, the proportion among the fifth, sixth and seventh levels is 2∶4∶4, the proportion among the eighth, ninth and tenth levels is 3∶4∶3, and the proportion among the eleventh and twelfth levels respectively.

　　(seventeen) institutions with ground-working skills as the main body can set up first-class and second-class positions of technicians, and the proportion of the total number of ground-working skills positions shall not exceed 5%; Institutions that do not focus on the skills of ground workers should strictly control the establishment of first-and second-level positions of skilled workers; Technician level 3, level 4 and level 5 posts should be optimally allocated within the approved structural proportion. (eighteen) the number and grade of special posts shall be determined according to the special needs of the development of units and undertakings and the ability and level of high-level talents employed, and in accordance with the approval procedures stipulated in this opinion.

　　V. Basic post conditions

　　(19) The basic requirements for management posts, professional and technical posts and ground-working skills posts include: observing the Constitution and laws; Have good conduct and professional ethics; Have the professional or technical conditions required for the post; Have the physical conditions to meet the requirements of the post; Have other conditions required for the post.

　　(twenty) management positions should generally have a technical secondary school education or above, of which management positions above level 6 should generally have a college education or above, and management positions above level 4 should generally have a bachelor’s degree or above. The basic qualifications for management positions at all levels are:

　　Three, five management positions, must work in four, six management positions for more than two years;

　　Four, six management positions, must work in five, seven management positions for more than three years;

　　Seven, eight management positions, must work in eight, nine management positions for more than three years.

　　(twenty-one) the basic qualifications for professional and technical posts shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and this Municipality on the evaluation and appointment of professional and technical posts.

　　For those who directly engage in professional and technical posts, on the basis of strict employment conditions and the establishment of an assessment system for direct employees, professional and technical posts of corresponding grades can be employed.

　　Professional and technical posts subject to occupation qualification access control shall have corresponding occupation qualifications.

　　(twenty-two) the basic qualifications for the skills of workers at all levels are:

　　First-class and second-class technical workers must have worked in the next-level post of this type of work for five years, and passed the technical grade evaluation of senior technicians and technicians respectively;

　　Third-level and fourth-level technical workers must have worked in the next-level post of this type of work for five years, and passed the technical grade evaluation of senior workers and intermediate workers respectively;

　　After the new workers’ apprenticeship, proficiency period and probation period have expired, and they have passed the post assessment of the primary technical level, they can be identified as five-level technical posts.

　　Six, post setting procedures, approval and filing

　　(twenty-three) post setting in accordance with the following procedures:

　　Make a plan. According to the total number of posts, the structural proportion and the highest level control standards formulated by the state and this Municipality, according to the industry characteristics and the development plan of the unit, on the basis of in-depth investigation, the responsibilities and public welfare objectives and tasks of the unit are decomposed, and the number and post level settings of various posts and levels are drawn up in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and this Municipality. Based on the full workload of the post, the responsibilities of the post are divided, the names, categories and grades of different posts and the structural proportion between different posts and between different grades within them are determined, and the post setting scheme is worked out.

　　Program approval. The post setting scheme shall be discussed and approved by the employment organization of this unit, and the Post Setting Audit Form of Public Institutions shall be filled in, and submitted to the relevant departments for approval according to the post setting audit procedures specified in this opinion. Prepare job descriptions. Clarify the main contents of the proposed post, such as the nature of work, responsibilities and authority, work objectives and tasks, post level, qualifications and performance appraisal standards, as the main basis for personnel recruitment and management.

　　Formulate implementation measures and organize their implementation. Institutions shall, in accordance with the provisions of the personnel employment system and the approved post setting implementation plan, formulate the post setting implementation measures and organize their implementation.

　　(twenty-four) the post setting scheme of the institutions directly under the municipal government and its changes shall be reported to the Municipal Personnel Bureau for approval.

　　The post setting scheme and its changes of institutions affiliated to municipal departments shall be reviewed and summarized by the competent department and reported to the Municipal Personnel Bureau for approval.

　　The post setting scheme of institutions directly under the district and county and its changes shall be reported to the district and county personnel bureau for approval and reported to the municipal personnel bureau for the record.

　　The post setting scheme and its changes of institutions affiliated to district and county departments shall be reported to the district and county personnel bureau for approval after being reviewed and summarized by the competent department, and reported to the municipal personnel bureau for the record.

　　(twenty-five) professional and technical posts are specially designed by the state, and the determination of their personnel shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.

　　(twenty-six) in any of the following circumstances, the post setting scheme of public institutions needs to be adjusted, and the change procedures should be handled in accordance with the authority and procedures stipulated in this opinion:

　　The merger or division of public institutions;

　　According to the official documents of the organization department at the higher level or the same level, the organization is increased or decreased;

　　According to the business development and actual situation, it is really necessary to change the post setting in order to complete the task.

　　Seven, post employment

　　(twenty-seven) institutions shall, in accordance with this opinion and the approved post setting plan, determine specific jobs, clarify post grades, hire staff, and sign (or change) employment contracts. Newly recruited staff members should be hired according to the relevant provisions of open recruitment and competitive recruitment under the condition of vacancies.

　　(twenty-eight) in principle, the personnel of public institutions shall not serve in two types of posts at the same time; Because of the characteristics of the industry, it is really necessary to hold a part-time job, and it must be approved according to the personnel management authority within the proportion limit of the post structure.

　　(twenty-nine) for the city has clearly no longer review the professional and technical (post) qualifications, direct professional and technical positions, institutions can be directly employed according to the provisions of professional and technical positions.

　　(30) For talents who are truly talented, have made remarkable achievements, have made outstanding contributions, and are in urgent need of posts, they can be hired according to the relevant provisions after approval according to the cadre and personnel management authority.

　　(thirty-one) in the flow between management positions, professional and technical positions and ground-working skills positions, should have the basic conditions stipulated by the post. Among them, for those who flow from professional and technical posts or ground-working skills posts to management posts, the examination and approval procedures shall be performed in accordance with the cadre personnel management authority.

　　(32) The personnel administrative departments of the governments at all levels in this Municipality and the competent departments of public institutions shall identify the completion of post setting, organization of post employment and signing of employment contracts of public institutions, and determine the post salary and treatment according to the positions employed for those who meet the policy requirements and complete the standardized post setting and post employment.

　　Eight, organize the implementation

　　(thirty-three) the personnel administrative departments of governments at all levels in this Municipality, as the comprehensive management department of post setting management of public institutions, should strengthen policy guidance, macro-control and supervision and management according to the requirements of this opinion. It is necessary to give full play to the functions of the relevant competent departments, strictly follow the approved standards for the proportion of various post structures, and jointly do a good job in the organization and implementation of post setting management.

　　(thirty-four) institutions to set up posts and employment, should be strictly in accordance with the approved total number of posts, the highest level and structural proportion. If the structural proportion of the existing personnel has exceeded the prescribed structural proportion, it should gradually reach the prescribed structural proportion through natural attrition, redeployment, low employment or dismissal.

　　(thirty-five) for institutions that do not carry out post setting management according to this opinion, the relevant functional departments of the government at the same level shall not confirm the post grade, not cash the salary, and not allocate funds. In case of adverse consequences in violation of this opinion, the higher authorities of public institutions shall, in accordance with the authority of cadre and personnel management, give criticism and education or disciplinary action to the relevant leaders and responsible persons according to the seriousness of the case.

　　(36) All districts, counties and municipal departments concerned shall, according to this opinion, formulate measures for the implementation of post setting management in local areas, departments and institutions in light of actual conditions, and organize the implementation after reporting to the Municipal Personnel Bureau for the record. Encourage qualified districts, counties, departments and institutions to establish a post management information database of public institutions, and use computer information technology to improve the information and standardization level of post management of public institutions.

　　(thirty-seven) the Municipal Personnel Bureau is responsible for the specific organization and implementation of this opinion, and coordinate and solve specific problems encountered in the implementation.